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PDMS has been widely used for in vitro experiments ranging from the macro- to nanoscale, enabling advances in blood flow studies, biomodels improvement, and numerical validations. PDMS devices, including microfluidic systems, have been employed to investigate different kinds of fluids and flow phenomena such as in vitro blood flow, blood analogues, the deformation of individual cells and the cell free layer (CFL). The most recent applications of PDMS involve complex hemodynamic studies such as flow in aneurysms and in organ-on-a-chip (OoC) platforms. Furthermore, the distinctive properties of PDMS, including optical transparency, thermal stability, and versality have inspired innovative applications beyond biomedical applications, such as the development of transparent, virus-protective face masks, including those for SARS-CoV-2 and serpentine heat exchangers to enhance heat transfer and energy efficiency in different kinds of thermal systems. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current research performed with PDMS and outlines some future directions, in particular applications of PDMS in engineering, including biomicrofluidics, in vitro biomodels, heat transfer, and face masks. Additionally, challenges related to PDMS hydrophobicity, molecule absorption, and long-term stability are discussed alongside the solutions proposed in the most recent research studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/fluids10020041","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]],"date-time":"2025-02-10T09:29:26Z","timestamp":1739179766000},"page":"41","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["The Impact of Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) in Engineering: Recent Advances and Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3428-637X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui A.","family":"Lima","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MEtRICs, Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Minho, Campus de Azur\u00e9m, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"CEFT\u2014Transport Phenomena Research Center, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ALiCE\u2014Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2018.06.001","article-title":"PDMS with designer functionalities\u2014Properties, modifications strategies, and applications","volume":"83","author":"Wolf","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. 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