{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T05:33:23Z","timestamp":1762839203449,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,9]],"date-time":"2025-11-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762646400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Fluids"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Partial blockages in pressurised pipe systems present significant challenges for precise detection, characterisation, and ongoing monitoring. Transient test-based techniques, which utilise sharp but small pressure waves, have shown considerable potential due to their safety and diagnostic capabilities. This paper investigates the transient response of an extended partial blockage\u2014an evolution of a discrete partial blockage that protrudes longitudinally\u2014an increasingly complex condition which has a greater impact on the behavior of pipe systems. Through Computational Fluid Dynamics simulations, the interaction of pressure waves with extended partial blockages of different severity and lengths is examined to assess the resulting pressure response. The results confirm that the pressure signature, generated by extended partial blockages, differs markedly from those of discrete partial blockages. In particular, the magnitudes of the first and second pressure peaks enable accurate characterisation of the severity and extent of the extended partial blockage. These results demonstrate that transient test-based techniques can play a significant role in managing water pipe systems, facilitating more targeted maintenance interventions. Broader implementation of these techniques could enable water utilities to reduce energy consumption, maintain water quality with lower chlorine dosing, and prevent the progression of partial blockages to total pipeline blockage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/fluids10110291","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]],"date-time":"2025-11-10T10:35:31Z","timestamp":1762770931000},"page":"291","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["CFD-Based Transient Analysis for the Detection and Characterisation of Extended Partial Blockages in Pipes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4994-673X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuno M. C.","family":"Martins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CERIS, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Perugia, Via G. Duranti 93, 06123 Perugia, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6901-4767","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D\u00eddia I. C.","family":"Covas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERIS, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7106-2116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno","family":"Brunone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Perugia, Via G. Duranti 93, 06123 Perugia, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7843-7147","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Meniconi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Perugia, Via G. Duranti 93, 06123 Perugia, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5308-5189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caterina","family":"Capponi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Perugia, Via G. Duranti 93, 06123 Perugia, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgsce.2023.205187","article-title":"Blockage detection techniques for natural gas pipelines: A review","volume":"122","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gas Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wri.2024.100266","article-title":"Climate change\u2019s ripple effect on water supply systems and the water-energy nexus\u2014A review","volume":"32","author":"Jurasz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Water Resour. 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