{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:17:07Z","timestamp":1760242627604,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,27]],"date-time":"2017-12-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514332800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Fluids"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Velocity profiles originated by a pump as turbine (PAT) were measured using an ultrasonic doppler velocimetry (UDV). PAT behavior is influenced by the velocity data. The effect of the rotational speed and the associated flow velocity variations were investigated. This research focuses, particularly, on the velocity profiles achieved for different rotational speeds and discharge values along the impeller since that is where the available hydraulic power is transformed into the mechanical power. Comparisons were made between experimental test results and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. The used CFD model was calibrated and validated using the same conditions as the experimental facility. The numerical simulations showed good approximation with the velocity measurements for different cross-sections along the PAT system. The application of this CFD numerical model and experimental tests contributed to better understanding the system behavior and to reach the best efficiency operating conditions. Improvements in the knowledge about the hydrodynamic flow behavior associated with the velocity triangles contribute to improvements in the PAT concept and operation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/fluids3010003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,27]],"date-time":"2017-12-27T11:16:00Z","timestamp":1514373360000},"page":"3","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Velocities in a Centrifugal PAT Operation: Experiments and CFD Analyses"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1783-543X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana","family":"Sim\u00e3o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Civil Engineering, Architecture and Georesources Department, CERIS, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8316-7778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Modesto","family":"P\u00e9rez-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering Department, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, 46022 Valencia, Spain"}]},{"given":"Armando","family":"Carravetta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Universit\u00e0 di Napoli Federico II, via Claudio, 21, 80125 Napoli, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7043-3683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Petra","family":"L\u00f3pez-Jim\u00e9nez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering Department, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, 46022 Valencia, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9028-9711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helena","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Civil Engineering, Architecture and Georesources Department, CERIS, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2012.06.002","article-title":"Theoretical, numerical and experimental prediction of pump as turbine performance","volume":"48","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Renew. 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