{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T10:54:55Z","timestamp":1777546495351,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]],"date-time":"2021-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615507200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Fluids"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ionic liquids have been suggested as new engineering fluids, specifically in the area of heat transfer, and as alternatives to current biphenyl and diphenyl oxide, alkylated aromatics and dimethyl polysiloxane oils, which degrade above 200 \u00b0C, posing some environmental problems. Addition of nanoparticles to produce stable dispersions\/gels of ionic liquids has proved to increase the thermal conductivity of the base ionic liquid, potentially contributing to better efficiency of heat transfer fluids. It is the purpose of this paper to analyze the prediction and estimation of the thermal conductivity of ionic liquids and IoNanofluids as a function of temperature, using the molecular theory of Bridgman and estimation methods previously developed for the base fluid. In addition, we consider methods that emphasize the importance of the interfacial area IL-NM in modelling the thermal conductivity enhancement. Results obtained show that it is not currently possible to predict or estimate the thermal conductivity of ionic liquids with an uncertainty commensurate with the best experimental values. The models of Maxwell and Hamilton are not capable of estimating the thermal conductivity enhancement of IoNanofluids, and it is clear that the Murshed, Leong and Yang model is not practical, if no additional information, either using imaging techniques at nanoscale or molecular dynamics simulations, is available.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/fluids6030116","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]],"date-time":"2021-03-12T11:56:55Z","timestamp":1615550215000},"page":"116","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Thermal Conductivity of Ionic Liquids and IoNanofluids. Can Molecular Theory Help?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2322-8425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xavier","family":"Paredes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Qu\u00edmica Estrutural, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Maria Jos\u00e9","family":"Louren\u00e7o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Qu\u00edmica Estrutural, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9011-5132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos Nieto de","family":"Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Qu\u00edmica Estrutural, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0838-370X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William","family":"Wakeham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemical Engineering Department, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BY, UK"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wasserscheid, P., and Welton, T. (2003). Ionic Liquids in Synthesis, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.","DOI":"10.1002\/3527600701"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Alexander, K. (2011). Ionic Liquids: Theory, Properties, New Approaches, Intech."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Seddon, K.R., and Gaune-Escard, M. (2010). Ionic Liquids and Molten Salts: Never the Twain, John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kadokawa, J. (2013). Ionic Liquids\u2014New Aspects for the Future, Intech.","DOI":"10.5772\/45605"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MacFarlane, D.R., Kar, M., and Pringle, J.M. (2017). Fundamentals of Ionic Liquids: From Chemistry to Applications, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.","DOI":"10.1002\/9783527340033"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"653","article-title":"Thermal Properties of Ionic Liquids and IoNanofluids of Imidazolium and Pyrrolidinium Liquids","volume":"55","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Chem. Eng. Data"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Poling, B.E., Prausnitz, J.M., and O\u2019Connell, J.P. (2001). The Properties of Gases and Liquids, McGraw-Hill International Edition. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-3812(92)85136-V","article-title":"The prediction of transport properties of fluids","volume":"79","author":"Wakeham","year":"1992","journal-title":"Fluid Phase Equilibria"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Millat, J.D., John, H., and Nieto Nieto de Castro, C.A. (2005). The Transport Properties of Fluids\u2014Their Correlation, Prediction and Estimation, Cambridge University Press. Student Edition."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Assael, M.J., Goodwin, A.R.H., Vesovic, V., and Wakeham, W.A. (2014). Experimental Thermodynamics Volume IX: Advances in Transport Properties of Fluids, The Royal Society of Chemistry.","DOI":"10.1039\/9781782625254"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1622","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1732790","article-title":"Heat Conductivity of Polyatomic and Polar Gases","volume":"36","author":"Mason","year":"1962","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3241","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1696406","article-title":"Heat Conductivity of Polyatomic and Polar Gases and Gas Mixtures","volume":"42","author":"Monchick","year":"1965","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1676","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1732130","article-title":"Transport Properties of Polar Gases","volume":"35","author":"Monchick","year":"1961","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-2614(84)85163-5","article-title":"Transport properties of a moderately dense gas","volume":"107","author":"Friend","year":"1984","journal-title":"Chem. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4062","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.36.4062","article-title":"Second viscosity and thermal-conductivity virial coefficients of gases: Extension to low reduced temperature","volume":"36","author":"Rainwater","year":"1987","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-0104(90)80116-F","article-title":"Thermal conductivity of a moderately dense gas","volume":"145","author":"Friend","year":"1990","journal-title":"Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-8914(72)90276-5","article-title":"An extended law of corresponding states for the equilibrium and transport properties of the noble gases","volume":"58","author":"Kestin","year":"1972","journal-title":"Physica"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-4371(77)90003-6","article-title":"The viscosity and diffusion coefficients of eighteen binary gaseous systems","volume":"88","author":"Kestin","year":"1977","journal-title":"Phys. A Stat. Mech. Appl."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Millat, J., Dymond, J.H., and Nieto Nieto de Castro, C.A. (1996). The Corresponding-States Principle: Dilute gases. The Transport Properties of Fluids\u2014Their Correlation, Prediction and Estimation, Cambridge University Press. Chapter 9.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511529603"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1744056","article-title":"Statistical Mechanics of Transport Processes. XI. Equations of Transport in Multicomponent Systems","volume":"28","author":"Bearman","year":"1958","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"100","article-title":"The interpretation of transport coefficients on the basis of the Van der Waals model","volume":"75","author":"Dymond","year":"1974","journal-title":"Phys."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"4","article-title":"Kinetische Theorie der W\u00e4rmeleitung, Reibung and Selbst-diffusion in gewissen verdichteten Gases and Fl\u00fcssigkeiten","volume":"63","author":"Enskog","year":"1922","journal-title":"Kungl. Svenska. Vet.-Ak. Handtl."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Millat, J., Dymond, J.H., and Nieto Nieto de Castro, C.A. (1996). Modified Hard-Spheres Scheme. The Transport Properties of Fluids\u2014Their Correlation, Prediction and Estimation, Cambridge University Press. Chapter 10.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511529603.011"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.9.10.341","article-title":"The Thermal Conductivity of Liquids","volume":"9","author":"Bridgman","year":"1923","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"042302","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.87.042302","article-title":"Thermal conductivity of supercooled water","volume":"87","author":"Biddle","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. E"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lozano-Mart\u00edn, D., Vieira, S.I.C., Paredes, X., Louren\u00e7o, M.J.V., Nieto Nieto de Castro, C.A., Sengers, J.V., and Massonne, K. (2020). Thermal Conductivity of Metastable Ionic Liquid [C2mim][CH3SO3]. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25184290"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1021\/i100004a004","article-title":"Prediction of transport properties. 1. Viscosity of fluids and mixtures","volume":"20","author":"Ely","year":"1981","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundam."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1021\/i100009a016","article-title":"Prediction of transport properties. 2. Thermal conductivity of pure fluids and mixtures","volume":"22","author":"Ely","year":"1983","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundam."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-3812(92)87071-T","article-title":"Prediction of viscosity of refrigerants and refrigerant mixtures","volume":"80","author":"Hubet","year":"1992","journal-title":"Fluid Phase Equilibria"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1068\/htwu495","article-title":"A corresponding-states approach for the calculation of the transport properties of uni-univalent molten salts","volume":"33","author":"Galamba","year":"2001","journal-title":"High Temp. Press."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-3812(01)00435-6","article-title":"A corresponding states approach for the prediction of surface tension of molten alkali halides","volume":"183-184","author":"Galamba","year":"2001","journal-title":"Fluid Phase Equilibria"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1015419607914","article-title":"Development of an Extended Corresponding States Principle Method for Volumetric Property Predictions Based on a Lee\u2013Kesler Reference Fluid","volume":"23","author":"Marrucho","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Thermophys."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Millat, J., Dymond, J.H., and Nieto Nieto de Castro, C.A. (1996). The Corresponding States Principle: Dense Fluids. The Transport Properties of Fluids\u2014Their Correlation, Prediction and Estimation, Cambridge University Press. Chapter 12.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511529603"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Lemmon, E.W., Bell, I.H., Huber, M.L., and McLinden, M.O. (2018). NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties-REFPROP, NIST. Version 10.0."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Millat, J., Dymond, J.H., and Nieto Nieto de Castro, C.A. (1996). Empirical Estimation. The Transport Properties of Fluids\u2014Their Correlation, Prediction and Estimation, Cambridge University Press. Chapter 13.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511529603"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1126\/science.174.4008.490","article-title":"Motions of Molecules in Liquids: Viscosity and Diffusivity","volume":"174","author":"Hildebrand","year":"1971","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/s10765-014-1617-1","article-title":"Measurement and Prediction of the Thermal Conductivity of Tricyanomethanide- and Tetracyanoborate-Based Imidazolium Ionic Liquids","volume":"35","author":"Koller","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Thermophys."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1523917","article-title":"Structure of molten 1,3-dimethylimidazolium chloride using neutron diffraction","volume":"118","author":"Hardacre","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3330","DOI":"10.1021\/jp056006y","article-title":"Nanostructural Organization in Ionic Liquids","volume":"110","author":"Lopes","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Hirschfelder, J.O., Curtiss, C.F., and Bird, R.B. (1954). Molecular Theory of Gases and Liquids, Chapman & Hall."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1007\/s10765-014-1626-0","article-title":"Correlation and Prediction of Dense Fluid Transport Coefficients. IX. Ionic Liquids","volume":"35","author":"Mylona","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Thermophys."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"043101","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0023160","article-title":"Thermophysical Properties of 1-Hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, [C6mim][(CF3SO2)2N]\u2014New Data, Reference Data, and Reference Correlations","volume":"49","author":"Paredes","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1080\/14786443409462409","article-title":"A theory of the viscosity of liquids. Part I","volume":"17","author":"Andrade","year":"1934","journal-title":"Philos. Mag."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"42","article-title":"A Relationship between Heat Conductivity and Viscosity of Liquids","volume":"168","author":"Mohanty","year":"1951","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1007\/s10765-007-0241-8","article-title":"Thermal Conductivities of [bmim][PF6], [hmim][PF6], and [omim][PF6] from 294 to 335 K at Pressures up to 20 MPa","volume":"28","author":"Tomida","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Thermophys."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2059","DOI":"10.1007\/s10765-010-0889-3","article-title":"Thermal Conductivity of Ionic Liquids: Measurement and Prediction","volume":"31","author":"Rausch","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Thermophys."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jct.2013.04.013","article-title":"Transport and thermal properties of quaternary phosphonium ionic liquids and IoNanofluids","volume":"64","author":"Ferreira","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Chem. Thermodyn."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.1021\/je700176d","article-title":"Thermal Conductivities of Ionic Liquids over the Temperature Range from 293 K to 353 K","volume":"52","author":"Ge","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Chem. Eng. Data"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6516","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.iecr.7b04770","article-title":"Thermal Conductivity of Ionic Liquids and IoNanofluids and Their Feasibility as Heat Transfer Fluids","volume":"57","author":"Murshed","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1002\/aic.11737","article-title":"Group contribution methods for the prediction of thermophysical and transport properties of ionic liquids","volume":"55","author":"Gardas","year":"2009","journal-title":"AIChE J."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fluid.2012.11.024","article-title":"Development of a group contribution method for determination of thermal conductivity of ionic liquids","volume":"339","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fluid Phase Equilibria"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1002\/cite.330231303","article-title":"New thermal conductivity measurements on organic liquids","volume":"23","author":"Riedel","year":"1951","journal-title":"Chem. Ing. Tech."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7838","DOI":"10.1021\/ie202934g","article-title":"Critical Properties and Normal Boiling Temperature of Ionic Liquids. Update and a New Consistency Test","volume":"51","author":"Valderrama","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jct.2017.10.010","article-title":"Further development of the predictive models for physical properties of pure ionic liquids: Thermal conductivity and heat capacity","volume":"118","author":"Oster","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Chem. Thermodyn."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/0017-9310(84)90248-5","article-title":"Boiling of suspension of solid particles in water","volume":"27","author":"Yang","year":"1984","journal-title":"Int. J. Heat Mass Transf."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.2963\/jjtp.7.227","article-title":"Alteration of Thermal Conductivity and Viscosity of Liquid by Dispersing Ultra-Fine Particles. Dispersion of Al2O3, SiO2 and TiO2 Ultra-Fine Particles","volume":"7","author":"Masuda","year":"1993","journal-title":"Netsu Bussei"},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Siginer, D.A., and Wang, H.P. (1995). Enhancing thermal conductivity of fluids with nanoparticles. Developments and Applications of Non-Newtonian Flows, ASME."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5048","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.200700554","article-title":"Ionic Liquids for Soft Functional Materials with Carbon Nanotubes","volume":"13","author":"Fukushima","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chem. A Eur. J."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1039\/C0CS00059K","article-title":"Ionogels, ionic liquid based hybrid materials","volume":"40","author":"Viau","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4338","DOI":"10.1039\/C4NR01524J","article-title":"Ionic liquid-assisted exfoliation and dispersion: Stripping graphene and its two-dimensional layered inorganic counterparts of their inhibitions","volume":"7","author":"Ravula","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1038\/nchem.2315","article-title":"Ultrahigh-throughput exfoliation of graphite into pristine \u2018single-layer\u2019 graphene using microwaves and molecularly engineered ionic liquids","volume":"7","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Chem."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat2448","article-title":"Ionic-liquid materials for the electrochemical challenges of the future","volume":"8","author":"Armand","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat3260","article-title":"On the molecular origin of supercapacitance in nanoporous carbon electrodes","volume":"11","author":"Merlet","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcat.2007.02.012","article-title":"Structured fiber supports for ionic liquid-phase catalysis used in gas-phase continuous hydrogenation","volume":"247","author":"Ruta","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Catal."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2012.10.038","article-title":"The preparation of carbon dots\/ionic liquids-based electrolytes and their applications in quasi-solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells","volume":"88","author":"Xiong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1166\/jon.2013.1040","article-title":"Sepia Melanin: A New Class of Nanomaterial with Anomalously High Heat Storage Capacity Obtained from a Natural Nanofluid","volume":"2","author":"Vieira","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Nanofluids"},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Jun-ichi, K. (2013). Synthesis, Properties and Physical Applications of IoNanofluids. Chap. 7. Ionic Liquids\u2014New Aspects for the Future, Intech."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijthermalsci.2012.03.010","article-title":"Enhanced thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity of carbon nanotubes IoNanofluids","volume":"62","author":"Murshed","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Therm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1021\/je301183r","article-title":"Thermal Conductivity of [C4mim][(CF3SO2)2N] and [C2mim][EtSO4] and Their IoNanofluids with Carbon Nanotubes: Experiment and Theory","volume":"58","author":"Vieira","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Chem. Eng. Data"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jct.2014.05.008","article-title":"Thermophysical properties of ionic liquid dicyanamide (DCA) nanosystems","volume":"79","author":"Reis","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Chem. Thermodyn."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1166\/jon.2013.1035","article-title":"Thermal Conductivity of [Cnmim][(CF3SO2)2N] and [C4mim][BF4] IoNanofluids with Carbon Nanotubes\u2014Measurement, Theory and Structural Characterization","volume":"2","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Nanofluids"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1166\/jon.2016.1205","article-title":"Ru-Imidazolium Halide IoNanofluids: Synthesis, Structural, Morphological and Thermophysical Properties","volume":"5","author":"Patil","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nanofluids"},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"911","article-title":"IoNanofluids: Innovative Agents for Sustainable Development","volume":"Volume 3","author":"Baldev","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nanotechnology for Energy Sustainability"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1166\/jon.2017.1388","article-title":"Understanding Stability, Measurements, and Mechanisms of Thermal Conductivity of Nanofluids","volume":"6","author":"Vieira","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nanofluids"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17075","DOI":"10.1039\/C7CP01952A","article-title":"Molecular interactions and thermal transport in ionic liquids with carbon nanomaterials","volume":"19","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nieto Nieto de Castro, C.A., Ribeiro, A.P.D.C., Figueiras, A.O., Langa, E., Vieira, S.I.C., Louren\u00e7o, M.J.V., dos Santos, \u00c2.F.S., dos Santos, F.J.V., Lampreia, I.M.S., and Goodrich, P. (2021). Thermophysical Properties of 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate, [C4mim][(C2F5)3PF3], and of Its IoNanofluid with Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. J. Chem. Eng. Data.","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jced.0c01017"},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"Maxwell, James Clerk (1891). A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism, Clarendon Press. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/s11051-005-9018-9","article-title":"A model for the thermal conductivity of nanofluids\u2014The effect of interfacial layer","volume":"8","author":"Leong","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Nanoparticle Res."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2008.12.018","article-title":"A combined model for the effective thermal conductivity of nanofluids","volume":"29","author":"Murshed","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1071\/CH18116","article-title":"Thermal Conductivity Enhancement Phenomena in Ionic Liquid-Based Nanofluids (Ionanofluids)","volume":"72","author":"Oster","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aust. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38113","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c09752","article-title":"Remarkable Thermal Conductivity Enhancement in Carbon-Based Ionanofluids: Effect of Nanoparticle Morphology","volume":"12","author":"Dzido","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_82","unstructured":"Sohel Murshed, S.M., and Nieto Nieto de Castro, C.A. (2014). Thermophysical Properties and Heat Transfer Characteristics of Carbon Nanotubes Dispersed Nanofluids. Nanofluids: Synthesis, Properties and Applications, NOVA Science Publishers, Inc.. Chapter 3."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1080\/01457632.2015.987586","article-title":"A Review of Thermal Conductivity Models for Nanofluids","volume":"36","author":"Aybar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Heat Transf. Eng."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cis.2015.08.014","article-title":"Review on thermal properties of nanofluids: Recent developments","volume":"225","author":"Angayarkanni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2014.05.017","article-title":"Superior thermal features of carbon nanotubes-based nanofluids\u2014A review","volume":"37","author":"Murshed","year":"2014","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1021\/i160003a005","article-title":"Thermal Conductivity of Heterogeneous Two-Component Systems","volume":"1","author":"Hamilton","year":"1962","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundam."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2008.01.005","article-title":"Thermophysical and electrokinetic properties of nanofluids\u2014A critical review","volume":"28","author":"Murshed","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1016\/S0017-9310(01)00175-2","article-title":"Mechanisms of heat flow in suspensions of nano-sized particles (nanofluids)","volume":"45","author":"Keblinski","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Heat Mass Transf."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2926","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2004.10.040","article-title":"Effect of interfacial nanolayer on the effective thermal conductivity of nanoparticle-fluid mixture","volume":"48","author":"Xie","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Heat Mass Transf."},{"key":"ref_90","unstructured":"Jo\u00e3o Manuel Pedro Mois\u00e3o, F. (2017). Solid-Liquids Interactions in Ionanofluids. Experiments and Molecular Simulation. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Lisbon]. Available online: https:\/\/repositorio.ul.pt\/handle\/10451\/34058."},{"key":"ref_91","unstructured":"Brown, George Granger (1950). Unit Operations, John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijthermalsci.2007.05.004","article-title":"Investigations of thermal conductivity and viscosity of nanofluids","volume":"47","author":"Murshed","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Therm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215502","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.87.215502","article-title":"Thermal Transport Measurements of Individual Multiwalled Nanotubes","volume":"87","author":"Kim","year":"2001","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145702","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/20\/14\/145702","article-title":"Measuring the thermal conductivity of individual carbon nanotubes by the Raman shift method","volume":"20","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat3064","article-title":"Thermal properties of graphene and nanostructured carbon materials","volume":"10","author":"Balandin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijthermalsci.2012.03.003","article-title":"Thermal conductivity of individual multiwalled carbon nanotubes","volume":"62","author":"Samani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Therm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44901","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4801495","article-title":"Simultaneous measurement of thermal conductivity and thermal contact resistance of individual carbon fibers using Raman spectroscopy","volume":"84","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_98","unstructured":"Hocke, H. (2020, December 18). Baytubes\u00ae, Carbon Nanotubes @ Bayer \u2022 Slide 14. Available online: http:\/\/www.lidorr.com\/_uploads\/dbsattachedfiles\/baytubesseminartechnicalpresentation2010.pdf."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.3390\/nano4040844","article-title":"A Novel Method to Determine the Thermal Conductivity of Interfacial Layers Surrounding the Nanoparticles of a Nanofluid","volume":"4","author":"Pal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"0416021","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.83.041602","article-title":"Thermal conductivity of interfacial layers in nanofluids","volume":"83","author":"Liang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. E"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10765-016-2083-8","article-title":"Necessary Conditions for Accurate, Transient Hot-Wire Measurements of the Apparent Thermal Conductivity of Nanofluids are Seldom Satisfied","volume":"37","author":"Antoniadis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Thermophys."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jced.6b00767","article-title":"New Measurements of the Apparent Thermal Conductivity of Nanofluids and Investigation of Their Heat Transfer Capabilities","volume":"62","author":"Tertsinidou","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Chem. Eng. Data"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nieto Nieto de Castro, C.A., and Louren\u00e7o, M.J.V. (2019). Towards the Correct Measurement of Thermal Conductivity of Ionic Melts and Nanofluids. Energies, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/en13010099"}],"container-title":["Fluids"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2311-5521\/6\/3\/116\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:34:44Z","timestamp":1760160884000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2311-5521\/6\/3\/116"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]]},"references-count":103,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}},"alternative-id":["fluids6030116"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/fluids6030116","relation":{},"ISSN":["2311-5521"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2311-5521","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]]}}}