{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T12:07:25Z","timestamp":1775909245065,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,22]],"date-time":"2023-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679443200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["UIDB\/00081\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00081\/2020"]}]},{"name":"The Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["LA\/P\/0056\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0056\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Fluids"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The wetting behavior of ionic liquids (ILs) on the mesoscopic scale considerably impacts a wide range of scientific fields and technologies. Particularly under vacuum conditions, these materials exhibit unique characteristics. This work explores the effect of the deposition rate and substrate temperature on the nucleation, droplet formation, and droplet spreading of ILs films obtained by thermal evaporation. Four ILs were studied, encompassing an alkylimidazolium cation (CnC1im) and either bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (NTf2) or the triflate (OTf) as the anion. Each IL sample was simultaneously deposited on surfaces of indium tin oxide (ITO) and silver (Ag). The mass flow rate was reproducibly controlled using a Knudsen cell as an evaporation source, and the film morphology (micro- and nanodroplets) was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The wettability of the substrates by the ILs was notably affected by changes in mass flow rate and substrate temperature. Specifically, the results indicated that an increase in the deposition rate and\/or substrate temperature intensified the droplet coalescence of [C2C1im][NTf2] and [C2C1im][OTf] on ITO surfaces. Conversely, a smaller impact was observed on the Ag surface due to the strong adhesion between the ILs and the metallic film. Furthermore, modifying the deposition parameters resulted in a noticeable differentiation in the droplet morphology obtained for [C8C1im][NTf2] and [C8C1im][OTf]. Nevertheless, droplets from long-chain ILs deposited on ITO surfaces showed intensified coalescence, regardless of the deposition rate or substrate temperature.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/fluids8030105","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,22]],"date-time":"2023-03-22T06:00:01Z","timestamp":1679464801000},"page":"105","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Influence of the Deposition Rate and Substrate Temperature on the Morphology of Thermally Evaporated Ionic Liquids"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3555-9317","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita M.","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CIQUP, Institute of Molecular Sciences (IMS), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s\/n, P4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"C\u00e2ndida","family":"Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s\/n, P4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3040-0358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds M. N. B. F.","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIQUP, Institute of Molecular Sciences (IMS), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s\/n, P4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7464-3568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margarida","family":"Bastos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIQUP, Institute of Molecular Sciences (IMS), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s\/n, P4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7134-8675","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 C. S.","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIQUP, Institute of Molecular Sciences (IMS), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s\/n, P4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6357","DOI":"10.1021\/cr500411q","article-title":"Structure and Nanostructure in Ionic Liquids","volume":"115","author":"Hayes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3330","DOI":"10.1021\/jp056006y","article-title":"Nanostructural Organization in Ionic Liquids","volume":"110","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1744","DOI":"10.1021\/jp0364699","article-title":"On the Structure and Dynamics of Ionic Liquids","volume":"108","author":"Voth","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.4236\/gsc.2014.41008","article-title":"A Review of Ionic Liquids, Their Limits and Applications","volume":"04","author":"Ghandi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Green Sustain. Chem."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6633","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.7b00246","article-title":"Introduction: Ionic Liquids","volume":"117","author":"Lei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2162","DOI":"10.1039\/C9GC03738A","article-title":"Applications of Ionic Liquids in Starch Chemistry: A Review","volume":"22","author":"Ren","year":"2020","journal-title":"Green Chem."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"3","article-title":"Volatility of Aprotic Ionic Liquids\u2014A Review","volume":"55","author":"Tariq","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Chem. Eng. Data"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134502","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4896704","article-title":"Vapor Pressures of 1,3-Dialkylimidazolium Bis(Trifluoromethylsulfonyl)Imide Ionic Liquids with Long Alkyl Chains","volume":"141","author":"Rocha","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13343","DOI":"10.1039\/D2CP01868C","article-title":"The Impact of the Cation Alkyl Chain Length on the Wettability of Alkylimidazolium-Based Ionic Liquids at the Nanoscale","volume":"24","author":"Costa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2021.128461","article-title":"The Benefits of Ionic Liquids for the Fabrication of Efficient and Stable Perovskite Photovoltaics","volume":"411","author":"Shahiduzzaman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtnano.2021.100159","article-title":"Ionic Liquids for Advanced Materials","volume":"17","author":"Pei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Today Nano"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2022.118556","article-title":"Diverse Applications of Ionic Liquids: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"351","author":"Kaur","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2009.12.007","article-title":"Ionic Liquids in Analytical Chemistry","volume":"661","author":"Sun","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2204959","article-title":"Physical Properties of Ionic Liquids: Database and Evaluation","volume":"35","author":"Zhang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1039\/B006677J","article-title":"Applications of Ionic Liquids in the Chemical Industry","volume":"37","author":"Plechkova","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"1736949","article-title":"Ionic Liquids under Nanoscale Confinement","volume":"5","author":"Borghi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Phys. X"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calandra, P., Szerb, E.I., Lombardo, D., Algieri, V., De Nino, A., and Maiuolo, L. (2021). A Presentation of Ionic Liquids as Lubricants: Some Critical Comments. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11125677"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2277","DOI":"10.1021\/nl800957b","article-title":"Large Reversible Li Storage of Graphene Nanosheet Families for Use in Rechargeable Lithium Ion Batteries","volume":"8","author":"Yoo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2015.01.089","article-title":"Carbon-Supported Ionic Liquids as Innovative Adsorbents for CO2 Separation from Synthetic Flue-Gas","volume":"448","author":"Erto","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1021\/je034261a","article-title":"Thermophysical Properties of Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquids","volume":"49","author":"Fredlake","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Chem. Eng. Data"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1039\/b906273d","article-title":"Energy Applications of Ionic Liquids","volume":"2","author":"Wishart","year":"2009","journal-title":"Energ. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3508","DOI":"10.1021\/cr1003248","article-title":"Room-Temperature Ionic Liquids: Solvents for Synthesis and Catalysis. 2","volume":"111","author":"Hallett","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10919","DOI":"10.1021\/jp2049316","article-title":"High-Accuracy Vapor Pressure Data of the Extended [CnC1Im][Ntf2] Ionic Liquid Series: Trend Changes and Structural Shifts","volume":"115","author":"Rocha","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6408","DOI":"10.1021\/la501308q","article-title":"Cation Alkyl Side Chain Length and Symmetry Effects on the Surface Tension of Ionic Liquids","volume":"30","author":"Almeida","year":"2014","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2017.11.122","article-title":"The Effects of Temperature, Alkyl Chain Length, and Anion Type on Thermophysical Properties of the Imidazolium Based Amino Acid Ionic Liquids","volume":"250","author":"Ebrahimi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9094","DOI":"10.1021\/jp405255w","article-title":"How Strong Is Hydrogen Bonding in Ionic Liquids? Combined X-ray Crystallographic, Infrared\/Raman Spectroscopic, and Density Functional Theory Study","volume":"117","author":"Katsyuba","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18980","DOI":"10.1039\/C5CP03094C","article-title":"Hydrogen-Bond Acidity of Ionic Liquids: An Extended Scale","volume":"17","author":"Kurnia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2703","DOI":"10.1039\/c3cp43867h","article-title":"Polarisabilities of Alkylimidazolium Ionic Liquids","volume":"15","author":"Bica","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2019.111305","article-title":"Physico-Chemical Characterization of Alkyl-Imidazolium Protic Ionic Liquids","volume":"297","author":"Fadeeva","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17687","DOI":"10.1039\/D0CP01686A","article-title":"Impact of Alkyl Chain Length and Water on the Structure and Properties of 1-Alkyl-3-Methylimidazolium Chloride Ionic Liquids","volume":"22","author":"Sanchora","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10889","DOI":"10.1021\/jp406374a","article-title":"Alkylimidazolium Based Ionic Liquids: Impact of Cation Symmetry on Their Nanoscale Structural Organization","volume":"117","author":"Rocha","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jced.5b00658","article-title":"Effect of Alkyl Chain Branching on Physicochemical Properties of Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquids","volume":"61","author":"Xue","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Chem. Eng. Data"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6572","DOI":"10.1039\/c1cc11322d","article-title":"Self-Assembly in the Electrical Double Layer of Ionic Liquids","volume":"47","author":"Perkin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2123","DOI":"10.1002\/cphc.201600198","article-title":"Morphology of Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquids as Deposited by Vapor Deposition: Micro-\/Nanodroplets and Thin Films","volume":"17","author":"Costa","year":"2016","journal-title":"ChemPhysChem"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2017.09.137","article-title":"Nucleation and Growth of Microdroplets of Ionic Liquids Deposited by Physical Vapor Method onto Different Surfaces","volume":"428","author":"Costa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1814","DOI":"10.1002\/cphc.202000431","article-title":"Morphology, Structure, and Dynamics of Pentacene Thin Films and Their Nanocomposites with [C2C1Im][NTf2] and [C2C1Im][OTF] Ionic Liquids","volume":"21","author":"Campos","year":"2020","journal-title":"ChemPhysChem"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2185","DOI":"10.1002\/cphc.200800300","article-title":"Physical Vapor Deposition of [EMIM][Tf2N]: A New Approach to the Modification of Surface Properties with Ultrathin Ionic Liquid Films","volume":"9","author":"Cremer","year":"2008","journal-title":"ChemPhysChem"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3776","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jced.5b00708","article-title":"Description and Test of a New Multilayer Thin Film Vapor Deposition Apparatus for Organic Semiconductor Materials","volume":"60","author":"Costa","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Chem. Eng. Data"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25143","DOI":"10.1039\/C6CP04938A","article-title":"Switching Adsorption and Growth Behavior of Ultrathin [C2C1Im][OTf] Films on Au(111) by Pd Deposition","volume":"18","author":"Rietzler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"040902","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5133390","article-title":"Understanding Chemical and Physical Mechanisms in Atomic Layer Deposition","volume":"152","author":"Richey","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1088\/0034-4885\/47\/4\/002","article-title":"Nucleation and Growth of Thin Films","volume":"47","author":"Venables","year":"1984","journal-title":"Rep. Prog. Phys."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S96","DOI":"10.1116\/1.1600454","article-title":"Nucleation Theory and the Early Stages of Thin Film Growth","volume":"21","author":"Ratsch","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1039\/D2CE01495E","article-title":"The Effect of Ionic Liquids on the Nucleation and Growth of Perylene Films Obtained by Vapor Deposition","volume":"25","author":"Costa","year":"2023","journal-title":"CrystEngComm"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1098\/rstl.1805.0005","article-title":"An Essay on the Cohesion of Fluids","volume":"95","author":"Young","year":"1805","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1038\/180809a0","article-title":"Use of the Term \u201cYoung\u2019s Equation\u201d for Contact Angles","volume":"180","author":"ADAM","year":"1957","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teixeira, M.S.M., Santos, L.M.N.B.F., and Costa, J.C.S. (2022). Nucleation, Coalescence, and Thin-Film Growth of Triflate-Based Ionic Liquids on ITO, Ag, and Au Surfaces. Colloids Interfaces, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/colloids6030046"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1039\/C1CS15146K","article-title":"Surface Tension of Ionic Liquids and Ionic Liquid Solutions","volume":"41","author":"Tariq","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1772","DOI":"10.1002\/cphc.201100947","article-title":"Interfacial Layering of a Room-Temperature Ionic Liquid Thin Film on Mica: A Computational Investigation","volume":"13","author":"Dragoni","year":"2012","journal-title":"ChemPhysChem"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"022001","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3546008","article-title":"Origin of Line Tension for a Lennard-Jones Nanodroplet","volume":"23","author":"Weijs","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phys. Fluid."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"082003","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5040574","article-title":"A Critical Assessment of the Line Tension Determined by the Modified Young\u2019s Equation","volume":"30","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys. Fluid."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12929","DOI":"10.1039\/C8CP01411F","article-title":"Time-Dependent Changes in the Growth of Ultrathin Ionic Liquid Films on Ag(111)","volume":"20","author":"Lexow","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2978","DOI":"10.1002\/cphc.201800773","article-title":"Anion Exchange at the Liquid\/Solid Interface of Ultrathin Ionic Liquid Films on Ag(111)","volume":"19","author":"Lexow","year":"2018","journal-title":"ChemPhysChem"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.8b03517","article-title":"Cation Exchange at the Interfaces of Ultrathin Films of Fluorous Ionic Liquids on Ag(111)","volume":"35","author":"Lexow","year":"2018","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7456","DOI":"10.1021\/ja062685u","article-title":"Coexistence of Liquid and Solid Phases of Bmim-PF6 Ionic Liquid on Mica Surfaces at Room Temperature","volume":"128","author":"Liu","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"1761266","article-title":"Ultrathin Ionic Liquid Films on Metal Surfaces: Adsorption, Growth, Stability and Exchange Phenomena","volume":"5","author":"Lexow","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Phys. X"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cis.2014.07.003","article-title":"Static and Dynamic Wetting Behaviour of Ionic Liquids","volume":"222","author":"Delcheva","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5101","DOI":"10.1021\/jp3115397","article-title":"Interfacial Behavior of Thin Ionic Liquid Films on Mica","volume":"117","author":"Deyko","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2045","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cclet.2017.09.051","article-title":"Understanding the Wettability of Nanometer-Thick Room Temperature Ionic Liquids (RTILs) on Solid Surfaces","volume":"28","author":"Gong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chin. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23676","DOI":"10.1021\/jp4062863","article-title":"Molecularly-Thin Precursor Films of Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquids on Mica","volume":"117","author":"Beattie","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619432","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2021.619432","article-title":"Nanostructure Determines the Wettability of Gold Surfaces by Ionic Liquid Ultrathin Films","volume":"9","author":"Borghi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Chem."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9744","DOI":"10.1021\/la401172z","article-title":"Dynamic and Structural Properties of Room-Temperature Ionic Liquids near Silica and Carbon Surfaces","volume":"29","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18017","DOI":"10.1039\/C4RA02059F","article-title":"Interactions and Structure of Ionic Liquids on Graphene and Carbon Nanotubes Surfaces","volume":"4","author":"Pensado","year":"2014","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20439","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcc.1c06613","article-title":"Time- and Temperature-Dependent Growth Behavior of Ionic Liquids on Au(111) Studied by Atomic Force Microscopy in Ultrahigh Vacuum","volume":"125","author":"Meusel","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3662","DOI":"10.1021\/la105007c","article-title":"Liquid\/Solid Interface of Ultrathin Ionic Liquid Films: [C1C1Im][Tf2N] and [C8C1Im][Tf2N] on Au(111)","volume":"27","author":"Cremer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2021.110615","article-title":"Interaction of electron beam with ionic liquids and its application for micropatterning","volume":"156","author":"Rola","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2089","article-title":"NIH Image to ImageJ: 25 Years of Image Analysis","volume":"9","author":"Schneider","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1002\/open.202000259","article-title":"In the Footsteps of August Michaelis: Syntheses and Thermodynamics of Extremely Low-Volatile Ionic Liquids","volume":"10","author":"Zaitsau","year":"2021","journal-title":"ChemistryOpen"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5946","DOI":"10.1021\/nn101036v","article-title":"Molecular Beam Deposition of Nanoscale Ionic Liquids in Ultrahigh Vacuum","volume":"4","author":"Maruyama","year":"2010","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matsumoto, Y., and Maruyama, S. (2017). Laser Deposition of Nano-Ionic Liquids and their Process Applications in a Vacuum. Ionic Liquid Devices, 136\u2013167.","DOI":"10.1039\/9781788011839-00136"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1039\/C3CE41473F","article-title":"Growth Behaviours of Pentacene Films Confined in Engineered Shapes of Ionic-Liquid in Vacuum","volume":"16","author":"Takeyama","year":"2014","journal-title":"CrystEngComm"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2084","DOI":"10.1039\/C7CP06404G","article-title":"Dynamic Wetting of Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquids on Gold and Glass","volume":"20","author":"Delcheva","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2519","DOI":"10.1039\/c3sc00072a","article-title":"On the Evaporation, Bonding, and Adsorbate Capture of an Ionic Liquid on Au(111)","volume":"4","author":"Hessey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1021\/la404429q","article-title":"Electrospray Ionization Deposition of Ultrathin Ionic Liquid Films: [C8C1Im]Cl and [C8C1Im][Tf2N] on Au(111)","volume":"30","author":"Rietzler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1874","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1656444","article-title":"Influence of Deposition Parameters on the Coalescence Stage of Growth of Metal Films","volume":"39","author":"Chopra","year":"1968","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."}],"container-title":["Fluids"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2311-5521\/8\/3\/105\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:00:30Z","timestamp":1760122830000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2311-5521\/8\/3\/105"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,22]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["fluids8030105"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/fluids8030105","relation":{},"ISSN":["2311-5521"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2311-5521","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,22]]}}}