{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,29]],"date-time":"2026-03-29T00:56:23Z","timestamp":1774745783353,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":106,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,9]],"date-time":"2021-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610150400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Programa Iberoamericano de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda para el Desarrollo","award":["PCI2018-093245"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PCI2018-093245"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Funds","award":["ED431C 2018\/05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ED431C 2018\/05"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This review aimed to gather the available literature investigating the effects of probiotics against the most common viral infections using in vitro trials in cell lines and in vivo clinical trials in both experimental animals and humans. Probiotics were employed to prevent and reduce symptoms of infections caused by common viruses, especially respiratory tract viruses, but also for viral digestive infections (such as rotavirus, coronavirus, or norovirus) and other viral infections (such as viruses that cause hepatitis, human papillomavirus, human immunodeficiency virus, and herpes simplex virus). Different probiotics have been studied to see their possible effect against the abovementioned viruses, among which different Lactobacillus species, Bifidobacterium, Clostridium, Enterococcus, and Streptococcus can be highlighted. In many cases, mixtures of various probiotic strains were used. Although the results obtained did not show similar results, in most cases, probiotic supplementation improved both barrier and biochemical immune responses, decreased susceptibility to viral infections, and enhanced the effects of concomitant vaccines. Works collected in this review show a beneficial effect of probiotics in the prevention and treatment of different viral infections. We found interesting results related to the prevention of viral infections, reduction of the duration of diseases, and decrease of symptoms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10010130","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,10]],"date-time":"2021-01-10T19:55:56Z","timestamp":1610308556000},"page":"130","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Probiotic Effects against Virus Infections: New Weapons for an Old War"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Aroa","family":"Lopez-Santamarina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Higiene Inspecci\u00f3n y Control de Alimentos, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica Anal\u00edtica, Nutrici\u00f3n y Bromatolog\u00eda, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7283-9372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandre","family":"Lamas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Higiene Inspecci\u00f3n y Control de Alimentos, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica Anal\u00edtica, Nutrici\u00f3n y Bromatolog\u00eda, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain"}]},{"given":"Alicia","family":"del Carmen Mondrag\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Higiene Inspecci\u00f3n y Control de Alimentos, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica Anal\u00edtica, Nutrici\u00f3n y Bromatolog\u00eda, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1271-513X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandra","family":"Cardelle-Cobas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Higiene Inspecci\u00f3n y Control de Alimentos, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica Anal\u00edtica, Nutrici\u00f3n y Bromatolog\u00eda, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1584-9931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia","family":"Regal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Higiene Inspecci\u00f3n y Control de Alimentos, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica Anal\u00edtica, Nutrici\u00f3n y Bromatolog\u00eda, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3920-9827","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Antonio","family":"Rodriguez-Avila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c1rea Acad\u00e9mica de Qu\u00edmica, Instituto de Ciencias B\u00e1sicas e Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma del Estado de Hidalgo, Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo Km. 4.5, Pachuca 42076, Hidalgo, Mexico"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7992-1491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Manuel","family":"Miranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Higiene Inspecci\u00f3n y Control de Alimentos, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica Anal\u00edtica, Nutrici\u00f3n y Bromatolog\u00eda, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8823-5522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos Manuel","family":"Franco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Higiene Inspecci\u00f3n y Control de Alimentos, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica Anal\u00edtica, Nutrici\u00f3n y Bromatolog\u00eda, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Cepeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Higiene Inspecci\u00f3n y Control de Alimentos, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica Anal\u00edtica, Nutrici\u00f3n y Bromatolog\u00eda, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lopez-Santamarina, A., Miranda, J.M., Mondragon, A.C., Lamas, A., Cardelle-Cobas, A., Franco, C.M., and Cepeda, A. 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