{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T12:05:55Z","timestamp":1777032355274,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,9]],"date-time":"2021-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612828800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Funds by Rural Development Program through the Operational Group QUALIMILHO- New sustainable integration strategies that guarantee quality and safety in the national maize","award":["PDR2020 n\u00ba 101-031295 (2017-2020)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PDR2020 n\u00ba 101-031295 (2017-2020)"]}]},{"name":"National Funds by FCT-Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology :","award":["R&D Unit, UIDB\/04551\/2020 (GREEN-IT - Bioresources for Sustainability)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R&D Unit, UIDB\/04551\/2020 (GREEN-IT - Bioresources for Sustainability)"]}]},{"name":"National Funds by FCT-Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["Project UIDB\/00211\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Project UIDB\/00211\/2020"]}]},{"name":"National Funds by FCT-Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["Project UIDB\/04033\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Project UIDB\/04033\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Maize is an important worldwide commodity susceptible to fungal contamination in the field, at harvest, and during storage. This work aimed to determine the occurrence of Fusarium spp. in maize grains produced in the Tagus Valley region of Portugal and the levels of related mycotoxins in the 2018 harvest and during their storage for six months in barrels, mimicking silos conditions. Continuous monitoring of temperature, CO2, and relative humidity levels were done, as well as the concentration of mycotoxins were evaluated and correlated with the presence of Fusarium spp. F. verticillioides was identified as the predominant Fusarium species. Zearalenone, deoxynivalenol and toxin T2 were not found at harvest and after storage. Maize grains showed some variability in the levels of fumonisins (Fum B1 and Fum B2). At the harvest, fumonisin B1 ranged from 1297 to 2037 \u00b5g\/kg, and fumonisin B2 ranged from 411 to 618 \u00b5g\/kg. Fumonisins showed a tendency to increase (20 to 40%) during six months of storage. Although a correlation between the levels of fumonisins and the monitoring parameters was not established, CO2 levels may be used to predict fungal activity during storage. The composition of the fungal population during storage may predict the incidence of mycotoxins.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10020375","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,9]],"date-time":"2021-02-09T23:43:16Z","timestamp":1612914196000},"page":"375","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Occurrence of Fusarium spp. in Maize Grain Harvested in Portugal and Accumulation of Related Mycotoxins during Storage"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5941-8749","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruna","family":"Carbas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), I.P., Av. da Rep\u00fablica, Quinta do Marqu\u00eas, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (CITAB-UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6149-6631","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Sim\u00f5es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), I.P., Av. da Rep\u00fablica, Quinta do Marqu\u00eas, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Andreia","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), I.P., Av. da Rep\u00fablica, Quinta do Marqu\u00eas, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3292-5473","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreia","family":"Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), I.P., Av. da Rep\u00fablica, Quinta do Marqu\u00eas, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2362-5399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISQ\u2014Intelligent &amp; Digital Systems, R&amp;Di, Instituto de Soldadura e Qualidade, 4415-491 Grij\u00f3, Portugal"},{"name":"Universidade Lus\u00edada\u2014Norte &amp; COMEGI, 4760-108 Vila Nova de Famalic\u00e3o, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Alexandre R. F.","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISQ\u2014Intelligent &amp; Digital Systems, R&amp;Di, Instituto de Soldadura e Qualidade, 4415-491 Grij\u00f3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0226-921X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Sanches","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), I.P., Av. da Rep\u00fablica, Quinta do Marqu\u00eas, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Animal Science Studies (CECA), ICETA, University of Porto, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6781-5234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiago","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ANPROMIS\u2014Associa\u00e7\u00e3o Nacional dos Produtores de Milho e do Sorgo, Rua Mestre Lima de Freitas n\u00ba 1\u20135\u00ba Andar, 1549-012 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4127-9525","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eug\u00e9nio","family":"Diogo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), I.P., Av. da Rep\u00fablica, Quinta do Marqu\u00eas, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal"},{"name":"BioISI\u2014Biosystems &amp; Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6781-5234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eug\u00e9nia","family":"Andrade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), I.P., Av. da Rep\u00fablica, Quinta do Marqu\u00eas, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal"},{"name":"GREEN-IT Bioresources for Sustainability, ITQB NOVA, Av. da Rep\u00fablica, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1949-172X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla","family":"Brites","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), I.P., Av. da Rep\u00fablica, Quinta do Marqu\u00eas, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal"},{"name":"GREEN-IT Bioresources for Sustainability, ITQB NOVA, Av. da Rep\u00fablica, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.12.006","article-title":"Species composition of and fumonisin production by the Fusarium fujikuroi species complex isolated from Korean cereals","volume":"267","author":"Choi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. 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