{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T06:21:06Z","timestamp":1777443666067,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":118,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,23]],"date-time":"2021-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616457600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/50011\/2020 & UIDP\/50011\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50011\/2020 & UIDP\/50011\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The coffee industry generates a wide variety of by-products derived from green coffee processing (pulp, mucilage, parchment, and husk) and roasting (silverskin and spent coffee grounds). All these fractions are simply discarded, despite their high potential value. Given their polysaccharide-rich composition, along with a significant number of other active biomolecules, coffee by-products are being considered for use in the production of plastics, in line with the notion of the circular economy. This review highlights the chemical composition of coffee by-products and their fractionation, evaluating their potential for use either as polymeric matrices or additives for developing plastic materials. Coffee by-product-derived molecules can confer antioxidant and antimicrobial activities upon plastic materials, as well as surface hydrophobicity, gas impermeability, and increased mechanical resistance, suitable for the development of active food packaging. Overall, this review aims to identify sustainable and eco-friendly strategies for valorizing coffee by-products while offering suitable raw materials for biodegradable plastic formulations, emphasizing their application in the food packaging sector.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10030683","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,23]],"date-time":"2021-03-23T14:08:16Z","timestamp":1616508496000},"page":"683","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":98,"title":["Coffee By-Products and Their Suitability for Developing Active Food Packaging Materials"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1842-9019","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gon\u00e7alo","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CICECO\u2013Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5192-3695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cl\u00e1udia P.","family":"Passos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6578-8164","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CICECO\u2013Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8898-6342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel A.","family":"Coimbra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2098-2112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Idalina","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CICECO\u2013Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Plastics Europe (2020, December 21). Plastics\u2014the Facts 2019. Available online: https:\/\/www.plasticseurope.org\/en\/resources\/publications\/1804-plastics-facts-2019."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"European Union: European Comission (2020, December 22). Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions: Commission Work Programme 2018\u2014An Agenda for a More United, Stronger and More Democratic Europe. Available online: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/HTML\/?uri=CELEX:52017DC0650&from=en."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"European Bioplastics (2021, January 04). What Are Bioplastics?. Available online: https:\/\/www.european-bioplastics.org\/bioplastics."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1477","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.12534","article-title":"A Review of Poly(Lactic Acid)-Based Materials for Antimicrobial Packaging","volume":"79","author":"Tawakkal","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2009.11.045","article-title":"Processing of Poly(Lactic Acid): Characterization of Chemical Structure, Thermal Stability and Mechanical Properties","volume":"95","author":"Carrasco","year":"2010","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-010-9430-x","article-title":"On the Use of Plant Cellulose Nanowhiskers to Enhance the Barrier Properties of Polylactic Acid","volume":"17","author":"Lagaron","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cellulose"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1541-4337.2010.00126.x","article-title":"Poly-Lactic Acid: Production, Applications, Nanocomposites, and Release Studies","volume":"9","author":"Jamshidian","year":"2010","journal-title":"Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"71","article-title":"Production of Medium-Chain Length Polyhydroxyalkanoates by Pseudomonas Citronellolis Grown in Apple Pulp Waste","volume":"6","author":"Rebocho","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Food Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.231","article-title":"Tailoring the Surface Properties and Flexibility of Starch-Based Films Using Oil and Waxes Recovered from Potato Chips Byproducts","volume":"163","author":"Lopes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"134","article-title":"Investigations on Wastewaters at Potato Processing and Starch Recovery and Characterisation","volume":"17","author":"Mironescu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Agroaliment. Process. Technol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.589","article-title":"Moisture Sorption Isotherm and Changes in Physico-Mechanical Properties of Films Produced from Waste Flour and Their Application on Preservation Quality of Fresh Strawberry","volume":"6","author":"Muangrat","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2020.116429","article-title":"Feasibility of Chitosan Crosslinked with Genipin as Biocoating for Cellulose-Based Materials","volume":"242","author":"Oliveira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2049","DOI":"10.1007\/s10924-017-1103-5","article-title":"Evaluation of Biodegradability of Potato Peel Powder Based Polyolefin Biocomposites","volume":"26","author":"Sugumaran","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Polym. Environ."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2020.116215","article-title":"Fabrication and Physical Properties of a Novel Macroporous Poly(Vinyl Alcohol)\/Cellulose Fibre Product","volume":"240","author":"Bunmechimma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klingel, T., Kremer, J.I., Gottstein, V., De Rezende, T.R., Schwarz, S., and Lachenmeier, D.W. (2020). A Review of Coffee By-Products Including Leaf, Flower, Cherry, Husk, Silver Skin, and Spent Grounds as Novel Foods within the European Union. Foods, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods9050665"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2012.06.005","article-title":"Sustainable Management of Coffee Industry By-Products and Value Addition\u2014A Review","volume":"66","author":"Murthy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/s13762-017-1593-7","article-title":"Removal of Chromium (VI) from Water Using Adsorbent Derived from Spent Coffee Grounds","volume":"16","author":"Kalpana","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.138325","article-title":"Adsorption Isotherms and Kinetic Modeling of Methylene Blue Dye onto a Carbonaceous Hydrochar Adsorbent Derived from Coffee Husk Waste","volume":"725","author":"Tran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2018.10.011","article-title":"Large-Scale Converting Waste Coffee Grounds into Functional Carbon Materials as High-Efficient Adsorbent for Organic Dyes","volume":"272","author":"Wen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"12","article-title":"Microwave Assisted Extraction of Carbohydrate-Rich Fractions from Spent Coffee Grounds: Formulation of Biscuits Enriched in Dietary Fibre","volume":"7","author":"Passos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Carbohydr. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifset.2018.06.010","article-title":"Validation of Coffee By-Products as Novel Food Ingredients","volume":"51","author":"Blanch","year":"2019","journal-title":"Innov. Food Sci. Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"International Coffee Organisation (2021, January 04). Monthly Coffee Market Report\u2014November 2020. Available online: http:\/\/www.ico.org\/Market-Report-20-21-e.asp."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2019.125120","article-title":"Use of Coffee Flower as a Novel Resource for the Production of Bioactive Compounds, Melanoidins, and Bio-Sugars","volume":"299","author":"Nguyen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2018.1546667","article-title":"A Review on Coffee Leaves: Phytochemicals, Bioactivities and Applications","volume":"59","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"International Coffee Organization (2019, December 08). International Coffee Organization\u2014Field Processing. Available online: https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20150316011430\/http:\/\/www.ico.org\/field_processing.asp."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farah, A. (2019). Coffee By-products. Coffee: Production, Quality and Chemistry, Royal Society of Chemistry.","DOI":"10.1039\/9781782622437"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iriondo-DeHond, A., Iriondo-DeHond, M., and del Castillo, M.D. (2020). Applications of Compounds from Coffee Processing By-Products. Biomolecules, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10091219"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-35982011000200016","article-title":"Sticky Coffee Hull Silage on the Feeding of Growing and Finishing Pigs","volume":"40","author":"Furlan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Zootec."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1007\/s10529-009-0023-4","article-title":"Feasibility of Ethanol Production from Coffee Husks","volume":"31","author":"Gouvea","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wondemagegnehu, E.B., Gupta, N.K., and Habtu, E. (2019). Coffee Parchment as Potential Biofuel for Cement Industries of Ethiopia. Energy Sources Part A Recover Util. Environ. Eff., 1\u201312.","DOI":"10.1080\/15567036.2019.1656682"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/s10098-015-1015-9","article-title":"Technical Possibilities of Bioethanol Production from Coffee Pulp: A Renewable Feedstock","volume":"18","author":"Gurram","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clean Technol. Environ. Policy"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"The World Bank (2019, December 08). Agro-Industry Profiles: Coffee. Available online: http:\/\/documents1.worldbank.org\/curated\/en\/311271467993475518\/pdf\/FAU14.pdf."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2018.01.003","article-title":"Coffee Silverskin as Fat Replacer in Cake Formulations and Its Effect on Physical, Chemical and Sensory Attributes of Cakes","volume":"90","year":"2018","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1021\/jf034974x","article-title":"Characterization of a New Potential Functional Ingredient: Coffee Silverskin","volume":"52","author":"Borrelli","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00384449","article-title":"Vermicomposting of Coffee Pulp Using the Earthworm Eisenia Fetida: Effects on C and N Contents and the Availability of Nutrients","volume":"22","author":"Orozco","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biol. Fertil. Soils"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"117","article-title":"Evaluation of Coffee Pulp as Substrate for Polygalacturonase Production in Solid State Fermentation","volume":"32","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emirates J. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2020.116473","article-title":"Extraction and Characterization of a Pectin from Coffee (Coffea arabica L.) Pulp with Gelling Properties","volume":"245","author":"Reichembach","year":"2020","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2019.115132","article-title":"The Hydrophobic Polysaccharides of Apple Pomace","volume":"223","author":"Fernandes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nawrath, C. (2002). The Biopolymers Cutin and Suberin. Arab. B., 1.","DOI":"10.1199\/tab.0021"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcab.2019.101467","article-title":"Fungal Detoxification of Coffee Pulp by Solid-State Fermentation","volume":"23","author":"Ruiz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biocatal. Agric. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2011.05.028","article-title":"Functional Properties of Coffee and Coffee By-Products","volume":"46","author":"Esquivel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2018.11.013","article-title":"Valorization of Coffee Parchment Waste (Coffea arabica) as a Source of Caffeine and Phenolic Compounds in Antifungal Gellan Gum Films","volume":"101","year":"2019","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2013.11.010","article-title":"Coffee Husk Composting: An Investigation of the Process Using Molecular and Non-Molecular Tools","volume":"34","author":"Shemekite","year":"2014","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2012.08.001","article-title":"Coffee Silverskin as a Source of Dietary Fiber in Bread-Making: Optimization of Chemical Treatment Using Response Surface Methodology","volume":"50","author":"Pourfarzad","year":"2013","journal-title":"LWT\u2014Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"1","article-title":"Biobutanol Production from Coffee Silverskin","volume":"17","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microb. Cell Fact."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10836","DOI":"10.1021\/jf503200z","article-title":"Coffee Silverskin: Characterization, Possible Uses, and Safety Aspects","volume":"62","author":"Toschi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2013.01.088","article-title":"Microwave Superheated Water Extraction of Polysaccharides from Spent Coffee Grounds","volume":"94","author":"Passos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2621.2000.tb10602.x","article-title":"Polysaccharide Constituents of Coffee-Bean Mucilage","volume":"65","author":"Avallone","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2019.04.002","article-title":"Coffee Parchment as a New Dietary Fiber Ingredient: Functional and Physiological Characterization","volume":"122","author":"Benitez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u00c1vila, P.F., Martins, M., and Goldbeck, R. (2020). Enzymatic Production of Xylooligosaccharides from Alkali-Solubilized Arabinoxylan from Sugarcane Straw and Coffee Husk. Bioenergy Res., 1\u201313.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12155-020-10188-7"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3493","DOI":"10.1007\/s11947-014-1349-z","article-title":"Chemical, Functional, and Structural Properties of Spent Coffee Grounds and Coffee Silverskin","volume":"7","author":"Ballesteros","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Bioprocess Technol."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"3","article-title":"Biodegradable Electrosprayed Pectin Films: An Alternative to Valorize Coffee Mucilage","volume":"1","year":"2020","journal-title":"Waste Biomass Valorization"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/S1369-703X(00)00084-X","article-title":"Biotechnological Potential of Coffee Pulp and Coffee Husk for Bioprocesses","volume":"6","author":"Pandey","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biochem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.supflu.2009.09.009","article-title":"Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Lipids from Spent Coffee Grounds","volume":"51","author":"Couto","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Supercrit. Fluids"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1617\/s11527-009-9565-0","article-title":"Fibers of Coffee Husk and Hulls for the Production of Particleboard","volume":"43","author":"Bekalo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mater. Struct. Constr."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2015.04.012","article-title":"Spent Coffee Grounds: A Review on Current Research and Future Prospects","volume":"45","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2013.10.047","article-title":"Phenolic Composition, Caffeine Content and Antioxidant Capacity of Coffee Silverskin","volume":"61","author":"Bresciani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Collazo-Bigliardi, S., Ortega-Toro, R., and Chiralt, A. (2019). Improving Properties of Thermoplastic Starch Films by Incorporating Active Extracts and Cellulose Fibres Isolated from Rice or Coffee Husk. Food Packag. Shelf Life, 22.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fpsl.2019.100383"},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"125","article-title":"Characterization of Coffee Pectin","volume":"24","author":"Garcia","year":"1991","journal-title":"LWT Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5556","DOI":"10.1021\/jf010510s","article-title":"Fate of Mucilage Cell Wall Polysaccharides during Coffee Fermentation","volume":"49","author":"Avallon","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/0144-8617(95)00068-2","article-title":"Isolation and Characterisation of Cell Wall Polymers from the Heavily Lignified Tissues of Olive (Olea Europaea) Seed Hull","volume":"27","author":"Coimbra","year":"1995","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2013.12.053","article-title":"Sequential Microwave Superheated Water Extraction of Mannans from Spent Coffee Grounds","volume":"103","author":"Passos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carres.2005.05.002","article-title":"Arabinosyl and Glucosyl Residues as Structural Features of Acetylated Galactomannans from Green and Roasted Coffee Infusions","volume":"340","author":"Nunes","year":"2005","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Res."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115851","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2020.115851","article-title":"Polysaccharide-Rich Fraction of Spent Coffee Grounds as Promising Biomaterial for Films Fabrication","volume":"233","author":"Batista","year":"2020","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110083","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfoodeng.2020.110083","article-title":"Development and Characterization of Biopolymeric Films of Galactomannans Recovered from Spent Coffee Grounds","volume":"289","author":"Coelho","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Food Eng."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2011.07.002","article-title":"Galactomannans Use in the Development of Edible Films\/Coatings for Food Applications","volume":"22","author":"Cerqueira","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Okur, I., Soyler, B., Sezer, P., Oztop, M.H., and Alpas, H. (2021). Improving the Recovery of Phenolic Compounds from Spent Coffee Grounds (SCG) by Environmentally Friendly Extraction Techniques. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26030613"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.supflu.2013.12.016","article-title":"Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Spent Coffee Grounds: Measurement of Extraction Curves, Oil Characterization and Economic Analysis","volume":"86","author":"Barbosa","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Supercrit. Fluids"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.supflu.2013.11.011","article-title":"Optimization of the Supercritical Fluid Coextraction of Oil and Diterpenes from Spent Coffee Grounds Using Experimental Design and Response Surface Methodology","volume":"85","author":"Barbosa","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Supercrit. Fluids"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2018.10.022","article-title":"What Kind of Coffee Do You Drink? An Investigation on Effects of Eight Different Extraction Methods","volume":"116","author":"Angeloni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ilangovan, M., Guna, V., Hu, C., Takemura, A., Leman, Z., and Reddy, N. (2019). Dehulled Coffee Husk-Based Biocomposites for Green Building Materials. J. Thermoplast. Compos. Mater., 089270571987630.","DOI":"10.1177\/0892705719876308"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"020072","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5142987","article-title":"Properties of Lignocellulosic Composites of Coffee Husk Filled Polypropylene","volume":"Volume 2205","author":"Leal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proceedings of the AIP Conference Proceedings"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1007\/s10924-016-0917-x","article-title":"Sustainable Use of Coffee Husks For Reinforcing Polyethylene Composites","volume":"26","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Polym. Environ."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1007\/s00267-018-1033-6","article-title":"An Attempt to Find a Suitable Biomass for Biochar-Based Polypropylene Biocomposites","volume":"62","author":"Das","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u00c1ngel Hidalgo-Salazar, M., Pablo Correa-Aguirre, J., Manuel Montalvo-Navarrete, J., Fernando Lopez-Rodriguez, D., and Felipe Rojas-Gonz\u00e1lez, A. (2020). Recycled Polypropylene-Coffee Husk and Coir Coconut Biocomposites: Morphological, Mechanical, Thermal and Environmental Studies. Thermosoftening Plastics, IntechOpen.","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.81635"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1177\/0892705718823255","article-title":"Development of Fiber-Reinforced Polypropylene with NaOH Pretreated Rice and Coffee Husks as Fillers: Mechanical and Thermal Properties","volume":"33","author":"Yiga","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Thermoplast. Compos. Mater."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dominici, F., Garc\u00eda Garc\u00eda, D., Fombuena, V., Luzi, F., Puglia, D., Torre, L., and Balart, R. (2019). Bio-Polyethylene-Based Composites Reinforced with Alkali and Palmitoyl Chloride-Treated Coffee Silverskin. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24173113"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7637","DOI":"10.15376\/biores.11.3.7637-7653","article-title":"Mohanty, A. Characterization of Wastes and Coproducts from the Coffee Industry for Composite Material Production","volume":"11","author":"Zarrinbakhsh","year":"2016","journal-title":"BioResources"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10205","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-016-0248-2","article-title":"Effect of Oil Extraction on Properties of Spent Coffee Ground\u2013Plastic Composites","volume":"51","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2015.03.080","article-title":"Green Composites Based on Polypropylene Matrix and Hydrophobized Spend Coffee Ground (SCG) Powder","volume":"78","author":"Carbonell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2018.05.020","article-title":"el kacem Thermo-Mechanical Performances of Polypropylene Biocomposites Based on Untreated, Treated and Compatibilized Spent Coffee Grounds","volume":"149","author":"Essabir","year":"2018","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.5b01234","article-title":"A Superior All-Natural Antioxidant Biomaterial from Spent Coffee Grounds for Polymer Stabilization, Cell Protection, and Food Lipid Preservation","volume":"4","author":"Panzella","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2005.06.005","article-title":"Effect of Compatibilizing Agents on Rice-Husk Flour Reinforced Polypropylene Composites","volume":"77","author":"Yang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferreira, D.P., Cruz, J., and Fangueiro, R. (2018). Surface modification of natural fibers in polymer composites. Green Composites for Automotive Applications, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-102177-4.00001-X"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2015.08.038","article-title":"A Review of Recent Developments in Natural Fibre Composites and Their Mechanical Performance","volume":"83","author":"Pickering","year":"2016","journal-title":"Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1590\/1980-5373-MR-2015-0586","article-title":"Biodegradation Study of a Novel Poly-Caprolactone-Coffee Husk Composite Film","volume":"19","author":"Borghesi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2020.106154","article-title":"Properties of Economical and Eco-Friendly Polybutylene Adipate Terephthalate Composites Loaded with Surface Treated Coffee Husk","volume":"140","author":"Lule","year":"2021","journal-title":"Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ortiz-Barajas, D.L., Ar\u00e9valo-Prada, J.A., Fenollar, O., Rueda-Ord\u00f3\u00f1ez, Y.J., and Torres-Giner, S. (2020). Torrefaction of Coffee Husk Flour for the Development of Injection-Molded Green Composite Pieces of Polylactide with High Sustainability. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10186468"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1590\/1516-1439.318114","article-title":"Particles of Coffee Wastes as Reinforcement in Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) Based Composites","volume":"18","author":"Reis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2018.03.070","article-title":"Recycling Coffee Silverskin in Sustainable Composites Based on a Poly(Butylene Adipate-Co-Terephthalate)\/Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate-Co-3-Hydroxyvalerate) Matrix","volume":"118","author":"Sarasini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarasini, F., Luzi, F., Dominici, F., Maffei, G., Iannone, A., Zuorro, A., Lavecchia, R., Torre, L., Carbonell-Verdu, A., and Balart, R. (2018). Effect of Different Compatibilizers on Sustainable Composites Based on a PHBV\/PBAT Matrix Filled with Coffee Silverskin. Polym. Basel, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym10111256"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2020.106172","article-title":"Utilization of Coffee Silverskin in the Production of Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate-Co-3-Hydroxyvalerate) Biopolymer-Based Thermoplastic Biocomposites for Food Contact Applications","volume":"140","author":"Gigante","year":"2021","journal-title":"Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oliveira, G., Gon\u00e7alves, I., Barra, A., Nunes, C., Ferreira, P., and Coimbra, M.A. (2020). Coffee Silverskin and Starch-Rich Potato Washing Slurries as Raw Materials for Elastic, Antioxidant, and UV-Protective Biobased Films. Food Res. Int., 109733.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2020.109733"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2015.08.011","article-title":"Renewable Resource-Based Green Composites of Surface-Treated Spent Coffee Grounds and Polylactide: Characterisation and Biodegradability","volume":"121","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1906","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.6b02633","article-title":"Utilization of Torrefied Coffee Grounds as Reinforcing Agent to Produce High-Quality Biodegradable PBAT Composites for Food Packaging Applications","volume":"5","author":"Moustafa","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2018.02.018","article-title":"Chitosan\/Waste Coffee-Grounds Composite: An Efficient and Eco-Friendly Adsorbent for Removal of Pharmaceutical Contaminants from Water","volume":"189","author":"Lessa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gazonato, E.C., Maia, A.A.D., Da Silva Moris, V.A., and De Paiva, J.M.F. (2019). Thermomechanical Properties of Corn Starch Based Film Reinforced with Coffee Ground Waste as Renewable Resource. Mater. Res., 22.","DOI":"10.1590\/1980-5373-mr-2018-0416"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2017.07.035","article-title":"Utilization of Chemically Treated Municipal Solid Waste (Spent Coffee Bean Powder) as Reinforcement in Cellulose Matrix for Packaging Applications","volume":"69","author":"Thiagamani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2017.04.092","article-title":"Coffee Grounds as Filler for Pectin: Green Composites with Competitive Performances Dependent on the UV Irradiation","volume":"170","author":"Cataldo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2019.01.058","article-title":"Development and Physical-Chemical Properties of Pectin Film Reinforced with Spent Coffee Grounds by Continuous Casting","volume":"210","author":"Mendes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iriondo-DeHond, A., Martorell, P., Genov\u00e9s, S., Ram\u00f3n, D., Stamatakis, K., Fresno, M., Molina, A., and del Castillo, M. (2016). Coffee Silverskin Extract Protects against Accelerated Aging Caused by Oxidative Agents. Molecules, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules21060721"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2017.03.106","article-title":"Nutritional, Chemical and Antioxidant\/pro-Oxidant Profiles of Silverskin, a Coffee Roasting by-Product","volume":"267","author":"Costa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ouarhim, W., Zari, N., Bouhfid, R., and Qaiss, A.E.K. (2018). Mechanical performance of natural fibers-based thermosetting composites. Mechanical and Physical Testing of Biocomposites, Fibre-Reinforced Composites and Hybrid Composites, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-102292-4.00003-5"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choo, M.Y., Oi, L.E., Ling, T.C., Ng, E.P., Lee, H.V., and Juan, J.C. (2019). Conversion of microalgae biomass to biofuels. Microalgae Cultivation for Biofuels Production, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-817536-1.00010-2"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dyjakon, A., Noszczyk, T., and Sm\u0119dzik, M. (2019). The Influence of Torrefaction Temperature on Hydrophobic Properties of Waste Biomass from Food Processing. Energies, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/en12244609"},{"key":"ref_106","first-page":"140","article-title":"Development of Coffee Pulp Extract-Incorporated Chitosan Film and Its Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities","volume":"21","author":"Jaisan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Asia Pac. J. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Collazo-Bigliardi, S., Ortega-Toro, R., and Chiralt, A. (2019). Using Lignocellulosic Fractions of Coffee Husk to Improve Properties of Compatibilised Starch-PLA Blend Films. Food Packag. Shelf Life, 22.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fpsl.2019.100423"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2017.04.037","article-title":"Development of Polylactic Acid Nanocomposite Films Reinforced with Cellulose Nanocrystals Derived from Coffee Silverskin","volume":"169","author":"Sung","year":"2017","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2017.08.060","article-title":"Production and Physicochemical Properties of Carboxymethyl Cellulose Films Enriched with Spent Coffee Grounds Polysaccharides","volume":"106","author":"Ballesteros","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15304","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.9b02527","article-title":"No Such Thing as Trash: A 3D-Printable Polymer Composite Composed of Oil-Extracted Spent Coffee Grounds and Polylactic Acid with Enhanced Impact Toughness","volume":"7","author":"Chang","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2018.02.018","article-title":"Eco-Sustainable Systems Based on Poly(Lactic Acid), Diatomite and Coffee Grounds Extract for Food Packaging","volume":"112","author":"Cacciotti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3762","DOI":"10.1007\/s10924-018-1254-z","article-title":"Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA)\/Starch Bioactive Packaging Film Enriched with Antioxidants from Spent Coffee Ground and Citric Acid","volume":"26","author":"Ounkaew","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Polym. Environ."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700238","DOI":"10.1002\/star.201700238","article-title":"Bioactive Starch Foam Composite Enriched With Natural Antioxidants from Spent Coffee Ground and Essential Oil","volume":"70","author":"Trongchuen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Starch St\u00e4rke"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1007\/s11947-010-0363-z","article-title":"Recovery of Phenolic Antioxidants and Functional Compounds from Coffee Industry By-Products","volume":"5","author":"Murthy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Bioprocess Technol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.10.064","article-title":"Chlorogenic Acid (CGA): A Pharmacological Review and Call for Further Research","volume":"97","author":"Naveed","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2005.08.026","article-title":"Application of Caffeine, 1,3,7-Trimethylxanthine, to Control Escherichia Coli O157:H7","volume":"99","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2006","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_117","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cellulose Fibres, Nanofibrils and Microfibrils: The Morphological Sequence of MFC Components from a Plant Physiology and Fibre Technology Point of View","volume":"6","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nanoscale Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Islam, M.N., and Rahman, F. (2018). Production and modification of nanofibrillated cellulose composites and potential applications. Green Composites for Automotive Applications, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-102177-4.00006-9"}],"container-title":["Foods"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/10\/3\/683\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:39:45Z","timestamp":1760161185000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/10\/3\/683"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,23]]},"references-count":118,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}},"alternative-id":["foods10030683"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/foods10030683","relation":{"is-referenced-by":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1007\/s13197-025-06467-w","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2304-8158"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2304-8158","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,23]]}}}