{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T12:44:31Z","timestamp":1774442671094,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":115,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,25]],"date-time":"2021-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616630400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Programa Iberoamericano de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda para el Desarrollo","award":["PCI2018-093245"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PCI2018-093245"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Funds (FEDER","award":["ED431C 2018\/05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ED431C 2018\/05"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Allergies are an increasing global public health concern, especially for children and people living in urban environments. Allergies impair the quality of life of those who suffer from them, and for this reason, alternatives for the treatment of allergic diseases or reduction in their symptoms are being sought. The main objective of this study was to compile the studies carried out on probiotics as a possible therapy for allergies. The most studied allergies on which probiotics have been shown to have a beneficial effect are rhinitis, asthma, and atopic dermatitis. Most studies have studied the administration of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium spp. in children and have shown beneficial effects, such as a reduction in hyperreactivity and inflammation caused by allergens and a decrease in cytokine release, among other beneficial effects. In the case of children, no clear beneficial effects were found in several studies, and the potential risk from the use of some opportunistic bacteria, such as probiotics, seems controversial. In the studies that reported beneficial results, these effects were found to make allergy symptoms less aggressive, thus reducing morbidity in allergy sufferers. The different effects of the same probiotic bacteria on different patients seem to reinforce the idea that the efficacy of probiotics is dependent on the microbial species or strain, its derived metabolites and byproducts, and the gut microbiota eubiosis of the patient. This study is relevant in the context of allergic diseases, as it provides a broader understanding of new alternatives for the treatment of allergies, both in children, who are the main sufferers, and adults, showing that probiotics, in some cases, reduce the symptoms and severity of such diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10040701","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,25]],"date-time":"2021-03-25T14:51:12Z","timestamp":1616683872000},"page":"701","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["Probiotics as a Possible Strategy for the Prevention and Treatment of Allergies. A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Aroa","family":"Lopez-Santamarina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Higiene Inspecci\u00f3n y Control de Alimentos, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica Anal\u00edtica, Nutrici\u00f3n y Bromatolog\u00eda, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain"}]},{"given":"Esther Gonzalez","family":"Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Higiene Inspecci\u00f3n y Control de Alimentos, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica Anal\u00edtica, Nutrici\u00f3n y Bromatolog\u00eda, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7283-9372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandre","family":"Lamas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Higiene Inspecci\u00f3n y Control de Alimentos, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica Anal\u00edtica, Nutrici\u00f3n y Bromatolog\u00eda, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain"}]},{"given":"Alicia del Carmen","family":"Mondragon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Higiene Inspecci\u00f3n y Control de Alimentos, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica Anal\u00edtica, Nutrici\u00f3n y Bromatolog\u00eda, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1584-9931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia","family":"Regal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Higiene Inspecci\u00f3n y Control de Alimentos, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica Anal\u00edtica, Nutrici\u00f3n y Bromatolog\u00eda, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7992-1491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose Manuel","family":"Miranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Higiene Inspecci\u00f3n y Control de Alimentos, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica Anal\u00edtica, Nutrici\u00f3n y Bromatolog\u00eda, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spacova, I., Ceuppens, J.L., Seys, S.F., Petrova, M.I., and Lebeer, S. (2018). Probiotics against airway allergy: Host factors to consider. Dis. Models Mech., 11.","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.034314"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Akdis, C.A., and Agache, I. (2014). What Is Allergy. Global Atlas of Allergy, European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Akdis, C.A., and Agache, I. (2014). Global Atlas of Allergy, European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Pawankar, R., Canonica, G.W., Holgate, S.T., and Lockey, R.F. (2011). WAO White Book on Allergy, World Allergy Organization."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1159\/000496426","article-title":"Beneficial Effects of Probiotic Consumption on the Immune System","volume":"74","author":"Galdeano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2149","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v23.i12.2149","article-title":"Protective Effect of Bifidobacterium infantis CGMCC313-2 on Ovalbumin-Induced Airway Asthma and \u03b2-Lactoglobulin-Induced Intestinal Food Allergy Mouse Models","volume":"23","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.299.6710.1259","article-title":"Hay Fever, Hygiene, and Household Size","volume":"299","author":"Strachan","year":"1989","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2012.02.005","article-title":"Oral Application of Bacterial Lysate in Infancy Decreases the Risk of Atopic Dermatitis in Children with 1 Atopic Parent in a Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial","volume":"129","author":"Lau","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2006.02463.x","article-title":"Too Clean, or Not Too Clean: The Hygiene Hypothesis and Home Hygiene","volume":"36","author":"Bloomfield","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S22","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0b013e3181e102a7","article-title":"Food Allergy and Probiotics in Childhood","volume":"44","author":"Leonardi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"535","article-title":"Old McDonald Had a Farm (but No Asthma)!","volume":"16","author":"Leavy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aac6623","article-title":"Farm dust and endotoxin protect against allergy through A20 induction in lung epithelial cells","volume":"349","author":"Schuijs","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.13186","article-title":"Early exposure to cats, dogs and farm animals and the risk of childhood asthma and allergy","volume":"31","author":"Ojwang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2019.11.017","article-title":"The beneficial effect of farm milk consumption on asthma, allergies, and infections: From meta-analysis of evidence to clinical trial","volume":"8","author":"Brick","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1707","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2016.02.011","article-title":"Got Milk? Understanding the Farm Milk Effect in Allergy and Asthma Prevention","volume":"137","author":"Yu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2314","DOI":"10.1111\/all.13634","article-title":"Recent Developments and Highlights in Mechanisms of Allergic Diseases: Microbiome","volume":"73","author":"Lunjani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cionci, N.B., Baffoni, L., Gagg\u00eca, F., and Di Gioia, D. (2018). Therapeutic Microbiology: The Role of Bifidobacterium breve as Food Supplement for the Prevention\/Treatment of Paediatric Diseases. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10111723"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aitoro, R., Paparo, L., Amoroso, A., Di Costanzo, M., Cosenza, L., Granata, V., Di Scala, C., Nocerino, R., Trinchese, G., and Montella, M. (2017). Gut Microbiota as a Target for Preventive and Therapeutic Intervention against Food Allergy. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9070672"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1097\/MOP.0000000000000766","article-title":"Prevention of Allergy with Diverse and Healthy Microbiota","volume":"31","author":"Chernikova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1097\/MOP.0000000000000427","article-title":"The Role of the Gut Microbiota in Food Allergy","volume":"28","author":"Rachid","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Metzler, J.B. (2021). Probiotics for Allergic Airway Infection and Inflammations. Probiotic Research in Therapeutics, Springer."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108788","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2019.108788","article-title":"Risks Associated with Enterococci as Probiotics","volume":"129","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aller.2020.04.005","article-title":"Probiotics Function and Modulation of the Immune System in Allergic Diseases","volume":"48","author":"Eslami","year":"2020","journal-title":"Allergol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1097\/ACI.0b013e32834ec13b","article-title":"Allergic Diseases and Asthma","volume":"12","author":"Pawankar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-30448-z","article-title":"Bifidobacterium Breve MRx0004 Protects against Airway Inflammation in a Severe Asthma Model by Suppressing Both Neutrophil and Eosinophil Lung Infiltration","volume":"8","author":"Raftis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ravishankar Rai, V., and Bai, J.A. (2017). Allergen Management as a Key Issue in Food Safety. Food Safety and Protection, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781315153414"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2020.1738333","article-title":"Postbiotics: A Novel Strategy in Food Allergy Treatment","volume":"61","author":"Rad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2015.07.007","article-title":"Gut Microbiome and the Development of Food Allergy and Allergic Disease","volume":"62","author":"Prince","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr. Clin. North Am."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.4168\/aair.2011.3.2.74","article-title":"Gender-Specific Asthma Treatment","volume":"3","author":"Choi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2011-201249","article-title":"Gender Differences in Prevalence, Diagnosis and Incidence of Allergic and Non-allergic Asthma: A Population-Based Cohort","volume":"67","author":"Leynaert","year":"2012","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2015.08.019","article-title":"Menopause as a Predictor of New-Onset Asthma: A Longitudinal Northern European Population Study","volume":"137","author":"Triebner","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1732","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01732","article-title":"Prophylactic Supplementation of Bifidobacterium longum 51A Protects Mice from Ovariectomy-Induced Exacerbated Allergic Airway Inflammation and Airway Hyperresponsiveness","volume":"8","author":"Mendes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2112","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60130-X","article-title":"Allergic Rhinitis","volume":"378","author":"Greiner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S147","DOI":"10.1067\/mai.2001.118891","article-title":"Allergic Rhinitis and Its Impact on Asthma","volume":"108","author":"Bousquet","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2007.09.017","article-title":"Time for a Paradigm Shift in Asthma Treatment: From Relieving Bronchospasm to Controlling Systemic Inflammation","volume":"120","author":"Bjermer","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2008.106609","article-title":"Global variation in the prevalence and severity of asthma symptoms: Phase Three of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC)","volume":"64","author":"Lai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3038.2010.01120.x","article-title":"Chronic spontaneous urticaria in children: Itching for insight","volume":"22","author":"Church","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatr. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2009.02179.x","article-title":"EAACI\/GA2LEN\/EDF\/WAO Guideline: Definition, Classification and Diagnosis of Urticaria","volume":"64","author":"Zuberbier","year":"2009","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"S115","article-title":"Overview of Atopic Dermatitis","volume":"23","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Manag. Care"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31286-1","article-title":"Atopic Dermatitis","volume":"396","author":"Langan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.4168\/aair.2014.6.3.208","article-title":"Efficacy of Probiotic Therapy on Atopic Dermatitis in Children: A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial","volume":"6","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1097\/ACI.0b013e32830d84ec","article-title":"New Aspects in Allergic Contact Dermatitis","volume":"8","author":"Mortz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1111\/all.12305","article-title":"The Epidemiology of Food Allergy in Europe: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"69","author":"Nwaru","year":"2014","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1111\/all.12272","article-title":"The Epidemiology of Anaphylaxis in Europe: A Systematic Review","volume":"68","author":"Panesar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lopez-Santamarina, A., Miranda, J.M., Mondragon, A.D.C., Lamas, A., Cardelle-Cobas, A., Franco, C.M., and Cepeda, A. (2020). Potential Use of Marine Seaweeds as Prebiotics: A Review. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25041004"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2369","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1600266","article-title":"The Human Intestinal Microbiome in Health and Disease","volume":"375","author":"Lynch","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"FAO\/WHO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations\/World Health Organization (2002). Guidelines for the Evaluation of Probiotics in Food. Report of a Joint FAO\/WHO Working Group on Drafting Guidelines for the Evaluation of Probiotics in Food, FAO\/WHO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations\/World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2014.66","article-title":"The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics Consensus Statement on the Scope and Appropriate Use of the Term Probiotic","volume":"11","author":"Hill","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lopez-Santamarina, A., Lamas, A., Mondrag\u00f3n, A.D.C., Cardelle-Cobas, A., Regal, P., Rodriguez-Avila, J.A., Miranda, J.M., Franco, C.M., and Cepeda, A. (2021). Probiotic Effects against Virus Infections: New Weapons for an Old War. Foods, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10010130"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anatriello, E., Cunha, M., Nogueira, J., Carvalho, J.L., S\u00e1, A.K., Miranda, M., Castro-Faria-Neto, H., Keller, A.C., and Aimbire, F. (2019). Oral Feeding of Lactobacillus Bulgaricus N45.10 Inhibits the Lung Inflammation and Airway Remodeling in Murine Allergic Asthma: Relevance to the Th1\/Th2 Cytokines and STAT6\/T-bet. Cell. Immunol., 341.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2019.103928"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2008.03788.x","article-title":"Effects of Bifidobacterium Animalis Administered during Lactation on Allergic and Autoimmune Responses in Rodents","volume":"154","author":"Ezendam","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14088","article-title":"Postnatal Probiotics and Allergic Disease in Very Preterm Infants: Sub-Study to the Proprems Randomized Trial","volume":"75","author":"Plummer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1601253","article-title":"The Neonatal Window of Opportunity: Setting the Stage for Life-Long Host-Microbial Interaction and Immune Homeostasis","volume":"198","author":"Torow","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2013.03.008","article-title":"Formula Selection for Management of Children with Cow\u2019s Milk Allergy Influences the Rate of Acquisition of Tolerance: A Prospective Multicenter Study","volume":"163","author":"Canani","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1159\/000187166","article-title":"The Role of Microbiota in Allergy","volume":"67","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Nestl\u00e9"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2011.10.025","article-title":"Low Diversity of the Gut Microbiota in Infants with Atopic Eczema","volume":"129","author":"Abrahamsson","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3038.2012.01328.x","article-title":"Reduced Gut Microbial Diversity in Early Life Is Associated with Later Development of Eczema but Not Atopy in High-Risk Infants","volume":"23","author":"Ismail","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2006.02575.x","article-title":"Probiotics in the Treatment of Japanese Cedar Pollinosis: A Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial","volume":"36","author":"Xiao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2010.02416.x","article-title":"The Synbad Study Group Synbiotics Prevent Asthma-like Symptoms in Infants with Atopic Dermatitis","volume":"66","author":"Heymans","year":"2011","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1506","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.12838","article-title":"Pre-And Probiotics for Allergy Prevention: Time to Revisit Recommendations?","volume":"46","author":"Forsberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2020.1736974","article-title":"Probiotic-Directed Modulation of Gut Microbiota Is Basal Microbiome Dependent","volume":"12","author":"Hou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2020.109496","article-title":"Differential Pattern of Indigenous Microbiome Responses to Probiotic Bifidobacterium Lactis V9 Consumption across Subjects","volume":"136","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1975","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-319726","article-title":"Discovery of the Gut Microbial Signature Driving the Efficacy of Prebiotic Intervention in Obese Patients","volume":"69","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.08.041","article-title":"Personalized Gut Mucosal Colonization Resistance to Empiric Probiotics Is Associated with Unique Host and Microbiome Features","volume":"174","author":"Zmora","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S129","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ085","article-title":"Risk and Safety of Probiotics","volume":"60","author":"Doron","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"e920583-1","article-title":"Bifidobacterium infantis Relieves Allergic Asthma in Mice by Regulating Th1\/Th2","volume":"26","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-017-0340-5","article-title":"Bifidobacterium Mixture (B longum BB536, B Infantis M-63, B breve M-16V) Treatment in Children with Seasonal Allergic Rhinitis and Intermittent Asthma","volume":"43","author":"Indolfi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ital. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"387","article-title":"Admin-istration of Bifidobacterium to Infants with Atopic Dermatitis: Changes in Fecal Microflora and Clinical Symptoms","volume":"5","author":"Taniuchi","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Appl. Res."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.2332\/allergolint.13-OA-0683","article-title":"Effects of Bifidobacterial Supplementation to Pregnant Women and Infants in the Prevention of Allergy Development in Infants and on Fecal Microbiota","volume":"63","author":"Enomoto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Allergol. Int."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2015.04.031","article-title":"Probiotics for the Prevention of Allergy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"136","author":"Fiocchi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2562","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000002562","article-title":"Probiotics for Prevention of Atopy and Food Hypersensitivity in Early Childhood","volume":"95","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1097\/MOP.0b013e32833d9728","article-title":"Probiotics and Prebiotics: Clinical Effects in Allergic Disease","volume":"22","author":"Tang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2012.1010","article-title":"Oral Administration of Enterococcus Faecalis FK-23 Suppresses Th17 Cell Development and Attenuates Allergic Airway Responses in Mice","volume":"30","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2012.05.013","article-title":"Therapeutic Potential of Lactobacillus Plantarum CJLP133 for House-Dust Mite-Induced Dermatitis in NC\/Nga Mice","volume":"277","author":"Won","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.13515","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory Potential of a Heat-Killed Lactobacillus Strain Isolated from Kimchi on House Dust Mite-Induced Atopic Dermatitis in NC\/Nga Mice","volume":"123","author":"Choi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e386","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3038.2009.00958.x","article-title":"Effect of Probiotic MIX (Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium lactis, Lactobacillus acidophilus) in the Primary Prevention of Eczema: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial","volume":"21","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatr. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2004.00514.x","article-title":"Probiotics in the Treatment of Atopic Eczema\/Dermatitis Syndrome in Infants: A Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial","volume":"60","author":"Viljanen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12895-015-0030-1","article-title":"Perinatal Probiotic Supplementation in the Prevention of Allergy Related Disease: 6 Year Follow up of a Randomised Controlled Trial","volume":"15","author":"Simpson","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1159\/000356338","article-title":"Supplementation with Probiotics in the First 6 Months of Life Did Not Protect against Eczema and Allergy in At-Risk Asian Infants: A 5-Year Follow-Up","volume":"163","author":"Loo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2222.2000.00943.x","article-title":"Probiotics in the Management of Atopic Eczema","volume":"30","author":"Isolauri","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1067\/mai.2003.389","article-title":"Effect of probiotic Lactobacillus strains in children with atopic dermatitis","volume":"111","author":"Rosenfeldt","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2004.060673","article-title":"Effects of Probiotics on Atopic Dermatitis: A Randomised Controlled Trial","volume":"90","author":"Weston","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2006.02485.x","article-title":"Is the Effect of Probiotics on Atopic Dermatitis Confined to Food Sensitized Children?","volume":"36","author":"Sistek","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2006.02513.x","article-title":"No Effects of Probiotics on Atopic Dermatitis in Infancy: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial","volume":"36","author":"Brouwer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2006.08.036","article-title":"Probiotic Supplementation for the First 6 Months of Life Fails to Reduce the Risk of Atopic Dermatitis and Increases the Risk of Al-Lergen Sensitization in High-Risk Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"119","author":"Taylor","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2008.03.018","article-title":"The Acquisition of Tolerance toward Cow\u2019s Milk through Probiotic Supplementation: A Randomized, Controlled Trial","volume":"121","author":"Hol","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2008.03133.x","article-title":"Probiotic Supplementation in the First 6 Months of Life in at Risk Asian Infants\u2014Effects on Eczema and Atopic Sensitization at the Age of 1 Year","volume":"39","author":"Soh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3038.2009.00745.x","article-title":"Probiotics during Weaning Reduce the Incidence of Eczema","volume":"20","author":"West","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatr. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2010.09889.x","article-title":"Probiotics in Pregnant Women to Prevent Allergic Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind Trial","volume":"163","author":"Dotterud","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2010.03657.x","article-title":"Interaction of Orally Administered Lactobacillus Rhamnosus GG with Skin and Gut Microbiota and Humoral Immunity in Infants with Atopic Dermatitis","volume":"41","author":"Nermes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.12489","article-title":"Children with Atopic Dermatitis Show Clinical Improvement Afterlactobacillus exposure","volume":"45","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20163000","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-3000","article-title":"Early Probiotic Supplementation for Eczema and Asthma Prevention: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"140","author":"Cabana","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2017.3647","article-title":"Effect of Oral Administration of a Mixture of Probiotic Strains on SCORAD Index and Use of Topical Steroids in Young Patients with Moderate Atopic Dermatitis","volume":"154","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2006.09.009","article-title":"Probiotics and Prebiotic Galacto-Oligosaccharides in the Prevention of Allergic Diseases: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial","volume":"119","author":"Kukkonen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2008.03008.x","article-title":"Impact of Maternal Atopy and Probiotic Supplementation during Pregnancy on Infant Sensitization: A Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Study","volume":"38","author":"Huurre","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2008.07.011","article-title":"A Differential Effect of 2 Probiotics in the Prevention of Eczema and Atopy: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial","volume":"122","author":"Wickens","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e850","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-1492","article-title":"Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Probiotics for Primary Prevention: No Clinical Effects of Lactobacillus GG Supplementation","volume":"121","author":"Kopp","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2009.02021.x","article-title":"The Effects of Selected Probiotic Strains on the Development of Eczema (The PandA Study)","volume":"64","author":"Niers","year":"2009","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1139\/W10-061","article-title":"Development and Pilot Evaluation of a Novel Probiotic Mixture for the Management of Seasonal Allergic Rhinitis","volume":"56","author":"Koyama","year":"2010","journal-title":"Can. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2010.02507.x","article-title":"Lactobacillus GG Treatment during Pregnancy for the Prevention of Eczema: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"66","author":"Boyle","year":"2010","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.12010","article-title":"A Randomized Trial Oflactobacillus plantarum CJLP133 for the Treatment of Atopic Dermatitis","volume":"23","author":"Han","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2012.09.003","article-title":"Maternal Probiotic Supplementation during Pregnancy and Breast-Feeding Reduces the Risk of Eczema in the Infant","volume":"130","author":"Rautava","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2012.04037.x","article-title":"Prenatal and Postnatal Probiotics Reduces Maternal but Not Childhood Allergic Diseases: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial","volume":"42","author":"Ou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1159\/000369806","article-title":"Effects of Oral Administration of Lactobacillus acidophilus L-92 on the Symptoms and Serum Cytokines of Atopic Dermatitis in Japanese Adults: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Clinical Trial","volume":"165","author":"Inoue","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.12930","article-title":"Reduced Th22 Cell Proportion and Prevention of Atopic Dermatitis in Infants Following Maternal Probiotic Supplementation","volume":"47","author":"Johnsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.116.140012","article-title":"Probiotics (Lactobacillus gasseri KS-13, Bifidobacterium bifidum G9-1, and Bifidobacterium longum MM-2) Improve Rhinoconjunctivitis-Specific Quality of Life in Individuals with Seasonal Allergies: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Randomized Trial","volume":"105","author":"Culpepper","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.3920\/BM2017.0011","article-title":"Lactobacillus plantarum IS-10506 Supplementation Reduced SCORAD in Children with Atopic Dermatitis","volume":"8","author":"Prakoeswa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Benef. Microbes"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2018.11.026","article-title":"Bifidobacterium May Benefit the Prevention of Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Preterm Infants: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"61","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu946","article-title":"Bifidobacterium longum Bacteremia in Preterm Infants Receiving Probiotics","volume":"60","author":"Bertelli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2018.5403","article-title":"Probiotic Safety\u2014No Guarantees","volume":"178","author":"Cohen","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_111","first-page":"155","article-title":"Fatal Gastrointestinal Mucormycosis in a Premature Infant Associated with a Contaminated Dietary Supplement\u2014Connecticut, 2014","volume":"64","author":"Vallabhaneni","year":"2015","journal-title":"MMWR. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Durazzo, A., Nazhand, A., Lucarini, M., Atanasov, A.G., Souto, E.B., Novellino, E., Capasso, R., and Santini, A. (2020). An Updated Overview on Nanonutraceuticals: Focus on Nanoprebiotics and Nanoprobiotics. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21072285"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/4080935","article-title":"Yeast Fermentate Prebiotic Ameliorates Allergic Asthma, Associating with Inhibiting Inflammation and Reducing Oxidative Stress Level through Suppressing Autophagy","volume":"2021","author":"Gong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_114","first-page":"CD006474","article-title":"Prebiotics in Infants for Prevention of Allergy","volume":"28","author":"Osborn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_115","first-page":"217","article-title":"Long-Term Safety Assessment in Children Who Received Hydrolyzed Protein Formulas with Lactobacillus Rhamnosus GG: A 5-Year Follow-Up","volume":"176","author":"Scalabrin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"}],"container-title":["Foods"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/10\/4\/701\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:41:04Z","timestamp":1760161264000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/10\/4\/701"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,25]]},"references-count":115,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]}},"alternative-id":["foods10040701"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/foods10040701","relation":{},"ISSN":["2304-8158"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2304-8158","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,25]]}}}