{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T08:39:39Z","timestamp":1769503179454,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,29]],"date-time":"2021-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/AGR\/04129\/2013 (LEAF)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/AGR\/04129\/2013 (LEAF)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Geographical origin, use of traditional varieties and ancestral viticulture\/oenology practices characterize wines classified as Historical Wines of Portugal (HWP). This study identifies the authenticity attributes consumers associate with this classification and assesses the relative strength of associations. A review of brand authenticity research and interviews with Portuguese wine producers (n = 3) and consumers (n = 12) were conducted to identify HWP classification attributes. Strength of attribute association was subsequently evaluated in an online questionnaire with a convenience sample of Portuguese wine consumers (n = 641), which included a measure of general wine knowledge and questions about the adequacy of different contexts for HWP purchase and consumption. Wine knowledge markedly affected the nature and strength of consumer associations. Compared to Aspirational Explorers, wine connoisseurs emerged as Heritage Gatekeepers, associating origin, cultural heritage, quality, production and at-home consumption more strongly with HWP, and tradition, wine age and out-of-home consumption less strongly. Market recognition of HWP as a novel and distinctive table wine classification, with well-defined and unique attributes, is thus likely to depend on consumers\u2019 general wine knowledge. Related promotional activities targeting wine novices should first focus on educating them on HWP classification, whereas those directed at savvier consumers should emphasize wine authenticity cues instead.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10050979","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,29]],"date-time":"2021-04-29T10:30:41Z","timestamp":1619692241000},"page":"979","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Historical Wines of Portugal: The Classification, Consumer Associations and Marketing Implications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6443-8229","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Isabel","family":"de Almeida Costa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cat\u00f3lica Lisbon School of Business &amp; Economics, Universidade Cat\u00f3lica Portuguesa, Palma de Cima, 1649-023 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0632-2778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla","family":"Marano-Marcolini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Organizaci\u00f3n de Empresas, Marketing y Sociolog\u00eda, Campus Las Lagunillas s\/n, Universidad de Ja\u00e9n, 23071 Ja\u00e9n, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7985-963X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Malfeito-Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Linking Landscape Environment Agriculture and Food (LEAF) Research Center, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Virg\u00edlio","family":"Loureiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Linking Landscape Environment Agriculture and Food (LEAF) Research Center, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1111\/ajgw.12278","article-title":"Daily prediction of seasonal grapevine production in the Douro wine region based on favourable meteorological conditions","volume":"23","author":"Fraga","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aust. J. Grape Wine Res."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"NIELSEN (2021, April 29). Press Room: Wine Consumption Grows in Portugal. Available online: http:\/\/www.nielsen.com\/pt\/pt\/press-room\/2017\/Wine-consumption-grows-in-portugal.html."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"13","article-title":"Historical wines of Portugal","volume":"49","author":"Loureiro","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chron. Hortic."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1111\/ajgw.12353","article-title":"Unravelling the origin of Vitis vinifera L. verdelho","volume":"24","author":"Santos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aust. J. Grape Wine Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2018.05.048","article-title":"An ancient winemaking technology: Exploring the volatile composition of amphora wines","volume":"96","author":"Martins","year":"2018","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E10309","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1714728114","article-title":"Early neolithic wine of Georgia in the South Caucasus","volume":"114","author":"McGovern","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"11","article-title":"Historical wines of Spain","volume":"49","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chron. Hortic."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.2752\/175174408X389157","article-title":"Food and diaspora","volume":"11","author":"Mintz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Food Cult. Soc."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chironi, S., Altamore, L., Columba, P., Bacarella, S., and Ingrassia, M. (2020). Study of wine producers\u2019 marketing communication in extreme territories\u2013application of the AGIL scheme to wineries\u2019 website features. Agronomy, 10.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202004.0251.v1"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9523.00061","article-title":"Local development and heritage: Traditional food and cuisine as tourist attractions in rural areas","volume":"38","year":"1998","journal-title":"Sociol. Rural."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1108\/IJWBR-06-2017-0039","article-title":"The communicative power of an extreme territory\u2014The Italian Island of Pantelleria and its Passito wine","volume":"30","author":"Ingrassia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Wine Bus. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Mafra, I. (2011). Contested food authenticities: A review of consumers\u2019 perspectives. Current Topics on Food Authentication, Transworld Research Network."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcps.2014.11.006","article-title":"Brand authenticity: An integrative framework and measurement scale","volume":"25","author":"Morhart","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Consum. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102087","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jretconser.2020.102087","article-title":"Label design of wines sold online: Effects of perceived authenticity on purchase intentions","volume":"55","author":"Pelet","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Retail. Consum. Serv."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1470-6431.2001.00179.x","article-title":"Authentic British food products: A review of consumer perceptions","volume":"25","author":"Groves","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Consum. Stud."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2005.04.007","article-title":"The \u2018Real Thing\u2019: Branding authenticity in the luxury wine trade","volume":"59","author":"Beverland","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Bus. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6486.2005.00530.x","article-title":"Crafting brand authenticity: The case of luxury wines","volume":"42","author":"Beverland","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Manag. Stud."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1108\/IJWBR-04-2017-0025","article-title":"Core tensions in luxury wine marketing: The case of Burgundian wineries","volume":"30","author":"Thach","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Wine Bus. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1108\/IJWBR-01-2013-0004","article-title":"The dimensions of authenticity in terroir products","volume":"25","author":"Spielmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Wine Bus. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/09571260600633135","article-title":"The concept of terroir in viticulture","volume":"17","author":"Seguin","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Wine Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jretconser.2017.07.002","article-title":"Impacts of product, store and retailer perceptions on consumers\u2019 relationship to terroir store brand","volume":"39","author":"Louis","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Retail. Consum. Serv."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1947","DOI":"10.1108\/BFJ-03-2019-0177","article-title":"Assessing consumer attitudes and perceptions towards food authenticity","volume":"123","author":"Chousou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. Food J."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1108\/IJWBR-01-2014-0002","article-title":"How aspects of a wine\u2019s place affect consumers\u2019 authenticity perceptions and purchase intentions: The role of country of origin and technical terroir","volume":"27","author":"Moulard","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Wine Bus. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1108\/EJM-06-2015-0330","article-title":"The nature and value of terroir products","volume":"51","author":"Charters","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Mark."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"118","article-title":"Study of Product Repositioning for the Marsala Vergine DOC Wine","volume":"32","author":"Chironi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Entrep. Small Bus."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2013.06.001","article-title":"Measuring consumer-based brand authenticity","volume":"67","author":"Napoli","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Bus. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wep.2017.09.001","article-title":"One size does (obviously not) fit all: Using product attributes for wine market segmentation","volume":"6","author":"Pomarici","year":"2017","journal-title":"Wine Econ. Policy"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Fischer, A.R.H. (2017). Consumer segmentation methods for the wine market. Reference Module in Food Science, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodqual.2008.09.004","article-title":"The impact of product category knowledge on consumer use of extrinsic cues\u2014A study involving agrifood products","volume":"20","author":"Chocarro","year":"2009","journal-title":"Food Qual. Prefer."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1108\/IJWBR-03-2017-0016","article-title":"Consumer wine knowledge: Components and segments","volume":"30","author":"Ellis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Wine Bus. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socec.2016.08.004","article-title":"Consumer knowledge affects valuation of product attributes: Experimental results for wine","volume":"65","author":"Gustafson","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Behav. Exp. Econ."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/1096348004267518","article-title":"Differential effects of experience, subjective knowledge, and objective knowledge on sources of information used in consumer wine purchasing","volume":"29","author":"Dodd","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Tour. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1108\/17511061011092410","article-title":"Region of origin as choice factor: Wine knowledge and wine tourism involvement influence","volume":"22","author":"Famularo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Wine Bus. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-0238.2007.tb00249.x","article-title":"A Preliminary study of the relationship between Australian wine consumers\u2019 wine expertise and their wine purchasing and consumption behaviour","volume":"13","author":"Johnson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aust. J. Grape Wine Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodqual.2010.05.001","article-title":"Sweetness acceptance of novices, experienced consumers and winemakers in hunter valley semillon wines","volume":"21","author":"Blackman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Qual. Prefer."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1002\/agr.20089","article-title":"The influence of wine attributes on region of origin equity: An analysis of the moderating effect of consumer\u2019s perceived expertise","volume":"22","author":"Perrouty","year":"2006","journal-title":"Agribusiness"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhm.2017.01.002","article-title":"Effects of ingredients, names and stories about food origins on perceived authenticity and purchase intentions","volume":"63","author":"Youn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Hosp. Manag."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1108\/BFJ-08-2016-0360","article-title":"Consumer involvement and knowledge influence on wine choice cue utilisation","volume":"119","author":"Bruwer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. Food J."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Danner, L., Johnson, T.E., Ristic, R., Meiselman, H.L., and Bastian, S.E. (2020). Consumption context effects on fine wine consumer segments\u2019 liking and emotions. Foods, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods9121798"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"319","article-title":"Empirical analysis of Spawton\u2019s (1991) segmentation of the Australian wine market","volume":"Volume 4","author":"Tidwell","year":"2001","journal-title":"Asia Pacific Advances in Consumer Research, Proceedings of the Sixth AP-Asia Pacific Advances in Consumer Research, Gold Coast, Australia, 14 March 2000"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1108\/IJWBR-04-2014-0020","article-title":"A fine wine instrument\u2014An alternative for segmenting the Australian wine market","volume":"27","author":"Johnson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Wine Bus. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1108\/13522750610658810","article-title":"Product involvement and the evaluation of wine quality","volume":"9","author":"Charters","year":"2006","journal-title":"Qual. Mark. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2010.04.007","article-title":"Cue-Based decision making. a new framework for understanding the uninvolved food consumer","volume":"55","author":"Hamlin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102060","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jretconser.2020.102060","article-title":"Reducing information asymmetry in the auctioning of non-perishable experience goods: The Case of online wine auctions","volume":"54","author":"Onur","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Retail. Consum. Serv."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1108\/03090569710157034","article-title":"Consumer knowledge and country of origin effects","volume":"31","author":"Schaefer","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur. J. Mark."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1108\/IJWBR-09-2014-0038","article-title":"Knowledge effects on the exploratory acquisition of wine","volume":"27","author":"Pitt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Wine Bus. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1080\/09571264.2015.1092120","article-title":"Does objective and subjective knowledge vary between opinion leaders and opinion seekers? Implications for wine marketing","volume":"26","author":"Pitt","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Wine Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.22434\/IFAMR2015.0177","article-title":"Territory, environment, and healthiness in traditional food choices: Insights into consumer heterogeneity","volume":"20","author":"Boncinelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Food Agribus. Manag. Rev."}],"container-title":["Foods"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/10\/5\/979\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:55:33Z","timestamp":1760162133000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/10\/5\/979"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,29]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["foods10050979"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/foods10050979","relation":{},"ISSN":["2304-8158"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2304-8158","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,29]]}}}