{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T23:16:11Z","timestamp":1768000571857,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,17]],"date-time":"2021-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629158400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/05183\/2020; UIDB\/04326\/2020, UIDB\/00690\/2020, UID\/MAR\/00350\/2020, UIDB\/04449\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/05183\/2020; UIDB\/04326\/2020, UIDB\/00690\/2020, UID\/MAR\/00350\/2020, UIDB\/04449\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Honey is a natural food product very famous for its health benefits for being an important source of antioxidant and phenolic compounds. Euphorbia honeys obtained from different regions of Morocco were evaluated for their ability to inhibit acetylcholinesterase, lipoxygenase, tyrosinase and xanthine oxidase activities. Their antioxidant properties were evaluated using the: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging capacity, nitric oxide scavenging activity (NO) and scavenging ability of superoxide anion radical. Then, the phenolic extracts of the same entire honey samples were evaluated by liquid chromatography coupled to diode array detection and mass spectrometry (LC-DAD-MS) and tested for the biological activities previously evaluated on the entire honeys, in order to conduct a comparative study between both (honey and phenolic extracts). The chromatographic profiles for the studied Euphorbia honey extracts were different. Phenolic compounds gallic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and p-coumaric acid were detected in all samples, whereas kampferol was only present in two samples. Physicochemical parameters and total phenolic content were also determined. Entire honey that recorded the highest rate of phenols was sample M6 (E. resinifera) = 69.25 mg GAE\/100 g. On the other hand, the phenolic extracts had better antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities than the entire honeys, regardless the monofloral honey type. In conclusion, the studied Euphorbia honeys may have a great potential as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-tyrosinase sources for pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10081909","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,17]],"date-time":"2021-08-17T21:27:40Z","timestamp":1629235660000},"page":"1909","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Comparative Study of the Antioxidant and Enzyme Inhibitory Activities of Two Types of Moroccan Euphorbia Entire Honey and Their Phenolic Extracts"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Oumaima","family":"Boutoub","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Campus de Gambelas, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory of Functional Ecology and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, BP 2202, University Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdallah, Fez 30000, Morocco"}]},{"given":"Soukaina","family":"El-Guendouz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Campus de Gambelas, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6350-9408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Manhita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio HERCULES, Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Forma\u00e7\u00e3o Avan\u00e7ada, Universidade de \u00c9vora, Largo Marqu\u00eas de Marialva 8, 7000-809 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Cristina Barrocas","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio HERCULES, Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Forma\u00e7\u00e3o Avan\u00e7ada, Universidade de \u00c9vora, Largo Marqu\u00eas de Marialva 8, 7000-809 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica, Escola de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade de \u00c9vora, Rua Rom\u00e3o Ramalho 59, 7000-671 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Let\u00edcia M.","family":"Estevinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mountain Research Center (CIMO), Polytechnic Institute of Bragan\u00e7a, Campus Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Vanessa B.","family":"Paula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mountain Research Center (CIMO), Polytechnic Institute of Bragan\u00e7a, Campus Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0675-2716","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Carlier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Gambelas Campus, University of the Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Maria Clara","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Campus de Gambelas, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Gambelas Campus, University of the Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Br\u00edgida","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIMA\u2014Centre for Marine and Environmental Research, FCT, Campus de Gambelas, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Raposo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Campus de Gambelas, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"},{"name":"CIMA\u2014Centre for Marine and Environmental Research, FCT, Campus de Gambelas, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9339-8999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Smail","family":"Aazza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Phytochemistry, National Agency of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (ANPMA), BP 159, Principal, Taounate 34000, Morocco"}]},{"given":"Lahsen","family":"El Ghadraoui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Functional Ecology and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, BP 2202, University Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdallah, Fez 30000, Morocco"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2507-4228","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Gra\u00e7a","family":"Miguel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Campus de Gambelas, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"},{"name":"Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Campus de Gambelas, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Harbouze, R., Pellissier, J.-P., Rolland, J.-P., and Khechimi, W. (2021, May 22). Rapport de Synth\u00e8se sur L\u2019agriculture au Maroc. Rapport de Recherche. CIHEAM-IAMM. Available online: https:\/\/hal.archives-ouvertes.fr\/hal-02137637v2."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Agriculture Ministry of Morocco (2021, May 23). Labelled Products in Morocco, Available online: http:\/\/www.agriculture.gov.ma\/sites\/default\/files\/siam15-produit_terroir-vang.pdf."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"52","article-title":"Beekeeping in Morocco: Focus on honey production","volume":"20","author":"Moujanni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Innov. Appl. Stud."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1080\/19476337.2017.1333529","article-title":"Physicochemical characterization of unique unifloral honey: Euphorbia Resinifera","volume":"16","author":"Moujanni","year":"2018","journal-title":"CyTA-J. Food"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1080\/01916122.2013.871797","article-title":"Palynological characterisation of Euphorbia honeys from Morocco","volume":"38","author":"Terrab","year":"2014","journal-title":"Palynol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2052","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2015.01.003","article-title":"Characterisation of Moroccan spurge (Euphorbia) honeys by their physicochemical characteristics mineral contents and colour","volume":"12","author":"Bettar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arab. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Terrab, A., Moujanni, A., Essamadi, A.K., Hernanz, D., D\u00edez, M.J., and Berjano, R. (2021). A palynological and geographical characterization of labeled resin spurge honey: Euphorbia resinifera. Palynology, Available online: https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/01916122.2021.1933639.","DOI":"10.1080\/01916122.2021.1933639"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S946","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2011.10.013","article-title":"Physicochemical properties of some honeys produced from different plants in Morocco","volume":"9","author":"Chakir","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arab. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.15414\/jmbfs.2017.6.5.1188-1194","article-title":"Microbiological quality of Moroccan labelled Euphorbia resinifera honey","volume":"6","author":"Moujanni","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2019.05.002","article-title":"Euphorbia honey and garlic: Biological activity and burn wound recovery","volume":"45","author":"Boussaid","year":"2019","journal-title":"Burns"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.9755\/ejfa.2020.v32.i11.2190","article-title":"Relationship among antibiotic residues and antibacterial activity of the endemic spurge honey (Euphorbia resinifera O. Berg) from Morocco","volume":"32","author":"Benjamaa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emir. J. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.3109\/09637486.2013.873888","article-title":"Physicochemical characterization and antioxidant activity of 17 commercial Moroccan honeys","volume":"65","author":"Aazza","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-10489-6","article-title":"Antioxidant activity and enzyme inhibitory potential of Euphorbia resinifera and E. officinarum honeys from Morocco and plant aqueous extracts","volume":"28","author":"Boutoub","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1080\/0005772X.1978.11097714","article-title":"Methods of melissopalynology","volume":"5","author":"Louveaux","year":"1978","journal-title":"Bee World"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Bogdanov, S. (2009). Harmonised Methods of the International Honey Commission, IHC."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12431","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.12431","article-title":"Physicochemical characterization and antioxidant activity of honey with Eragrostis spp. pollen predominance","volume":"42","author":"Aazza","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Food Biochem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2019.02.039","article-title":"Zantaz honey \u201cmonoflorality\u201d: Chemometric applied to the routinely assessed parameters","volume":"106","author":"Elamine","year":"2019","journal-title":"LWT-Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1080\/10942912.2016.1188307","article-title":"Assessment of phenolic profile of Turkish honeys","volume":"20","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Prop."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1080\/00218839.2016.1243294","article-title":"The antibacterial, anti-biofilm, anti-inflammatory and virulence inhibition properties of Portuguese honeys","volume":"55","author":"Silva","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Apic. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1762","DOI":"10.1111\/ijfs.13133","article-title":"Anti-acetylcholinesterase, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antityrosinase and antixanthine oxidase activities of Moroccan propolis","volume":"51","author":"Aazza","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Codex Alimentarius Commission (1999). Joint Fao\/WHO Food Standards Programme, FAO."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"879","article-title":"Physicochemical properties of some honeys produced from different flora of Eastern Morocco","volume":"9","author":"Abselami","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mat. Environm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"EU (European Union Directive) (2002). Council Directive 2001\/110 Relating to Honey, European Union Directive."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"31","article-title":"Quality characteristics of honey: A review","volume":"57","author":"Tatjana","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proceed. Univ. Ruse"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/S0308-8146(03)00089-X","article-title":"Free amino acid composition and botanical origin of honey","volume":"83","author":"Cabezudo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.17221\/321\/2015-CJFS","article-title":"Characterisation of phenolics and other quality parameters of different types of honey","volume":"34","author":"Rostislav","year":"2016","journal-title":"Czech J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.1111\/ijfs.12169","article-title":"A comparative study on phenolic profile, vitamin C content and antioxidant activity of Italian honeys of different botanical origin","volume":"48","author":"Perna","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2012.08.010","article-title":"Phenolic compounds, melissopalynological, physicochemical analysis and antioxidant activity of janda\u0131ra (Melipona subnitida) honey","volume":"29","author":"Silva","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Food Compos. Anal."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2008.11.028","article-title":"Antioxidant activity of Portuguese honey samples: Different contributions of the entire honey and phenolic extract","volume":"114","author":"Ferreira","year":"2009","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"252","article-title":"Differences between phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of quillay Chilean honeys and their separated phenolic extracts","volume":"44","author":"Bridi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cien. Inv. Agric. J."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2016.08.006","article-title":"Phenolics and abscisic acid identified in acacia honey comparing different SPE cartridges coupled with HPLC-PDA","volume":"53","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Food Compos. Anal."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2053","DOI":"10.1021\/jf9507553","article-title":"Natural occurrence of abscisic acid in heather honey and floral nectar","volume":"44","author":"Ferreres","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1681.2003.03885.x","article-title":"Nitric oxide, human diseases and the herbal products that affect the nitric oxide signalling pathway","volume":"30","author":"Achike","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4120","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms12064120","article-title":"Antioxidant activities of hot water extracts from various spices","volume":"12","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3323","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-020-04365-x","article-title":"Effect of extreme heat processing on the Moroccan Zantaz honey antioxidant activities","volume":"57","author":"Elamine","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"1953","article-title":"Antioxidative and acetylcholinesterase inhibitor potential of selected honey of Sabah, Malaysian Borneo","volume":"22","author":"Philip","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Food Res. J."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ali Reza, A.S.M., Hossain, M.S., Akhter, S., Rahman, M.R., Nasrin, M.S., Uddin, M.J., Sadik, G., and Alam, A.K. (2018). In vitro antioxidant and cholinesterase inhibitory activities of Elatostema papillosum leaves and correlation with their phytochemical profiles: A study relevant to the treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-018-2182-0"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eujim.2018.11.008","article-title":"Biological properties of phenolic compound extracts in selected Algerian honeys\u2014The inhibition of acetylcholinesterase and \u03b1-glucosidase activities","volume":"25","author":"Zaidi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Integr. Med."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-9452(00)00369-1","article-title":"Polyamines and their cellular anti-senescence properties in honey dew muskmelon fruit","volume":"160","author":"Lester","year":"2000","journal-title":"Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s10068-017-0275-z","article-title":"Sardinian honeys as sources of xanthine oxidase and tyrosinase inhibitors","volume":"27","author":"Petrillo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"15","article-title":"Total phenols, antioxidant potential and tyrosinase inhibitory activity of honeybee collected pollen from Turkey","volume":"8","author":"Akin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Res. J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Majid, M., Bakar, M.F.A., and Mian, Z. (2019). Determination of xanthine oxidase inhibition in stingless bee honey from different botanical origin. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, IOP Publishing.","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/269\/1\/012029"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"1","article-title":"Evaluation of Trametes lactinea extracts on the inhibition of hyaluronidase, lipoxygenase and xanthine oxidase activities in vitro","volume":"23","author":"Yahaya","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Phys. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfda.2016.11.016","article-title":"Ceratonia siliqua honeys from Morocco: Physicochemical properties, mineral contents, and antioxidant activities","volume":"26","author":"Kriaa","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Food Drug Anal."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"7383018","article-title":"Microbiological quality, physicochemical properties, and antioxidant capacity of honey samples commercialized in the Moroccan Errachidia region","volume":"2020","author":"Akdad","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Food Qual."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7609454","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/7609454","article-title":"Physicochemical properties, mineral content, antioxidant activities, and microbiological quality of Bupleurum spinosum Gouan honey from the Middle atlas in Morocco","volume":"2020","author":"Laaroussi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Food Qual."}],"container-title":["Foods"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/10\/8\/1909\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:45:58Z","timestamp":1760165158000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/10\/8\/1909"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,17]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["foods10081909"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/foods10081909","relation":{},"ISSN":["2304-8158"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2304-8158","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,17]]}}}