{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T04:24:06Z","timestamp":1772252646943,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,14]],"date-time":"2021-12-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639440000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Water extracts from sea lavender (Limonium algarvense Erben) plants cultivated in greenhouse conditions and irrigated with freshwater and saline aquaculture effluents were evaluated for metabolomics by liquid chromatography-tandem high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS\/MS), and functional properties by in vitro and ex vivo methods. In vitro antioxidant methods included radical scavenging of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2\u2032-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and copper and iron chelating assets. Flowers\u2019 extracts had the highest compounds\u2019 diversity (flavonoids and its derivatives) and strongest in vitro antioxidant activity. These extracts were further tested for ex vivo antioxidant properties by oxidative haemolysis inhibition (OxHLIA), lipid peroxidation inhibition by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) formation, and anti-melanogenic, anti-tyrosinase, anti-inflammation, and cytotoxicity. Extract from plants irrigated with 300 mM NaCl was the most active towards TBARS (IC50 = 81 \u00b5g\/mL) and tyrosinase (IC50 = 873 \u00b5g\/mL). In OxHLIA, the activity was similar for fresh- and saltwater-irrigated plants (300 mM NaCl; IC50 = 136 and 140 \u00b5g\/mL, respectively). Samples had no anti-inflammatory and anti-melanogenic abilities and were not toxic. Our results suggest that sea lavender cultivated under saline conditions could provide a flavonoid-rich water extract with antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase properties with potential use as a food preservative or as a functional ingredient in herbal supplements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10123104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,14]],"date-time":"2021-12-14T09:34:25Z","timestamp":1639474465000},"page":"3104","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Metabolomic Profile and Biological Properties of Sea Lavender (Limonium algarvense Erben) Plants Cultivated with Aquaculture Wastewaters: Implications for Its Use in Herbal Formulations and Food Additives"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Maria Jo\u00e3o","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Marine Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Campus of Gambelas, University of Algarve, Ed. 7, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8839-1389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Viana","family":"Casta\u00f1eda-Loaiza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Marine Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Campus of Gambelas, University of Algarve, Ed. 7, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ivo","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IPMA, Aquaculture Research Station, Av. do Parque Natural da Ria Formosa s\/n, 8700-194 Olhao, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7523-1637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Pinela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Braganca, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9050-5189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lillian","family":"Barros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Braganca, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Rui M. V.","family":"Abreu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Braganca, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3068-4920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Concei\u00e7\u00e3o","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Qu\u00edmica Estrutural, Complexo Interdisciplinar, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1046-4031","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catarina","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"iMed.Ulisboa, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6075-2472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florbela","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IPMA, Aquaculture Research Station, Av. do Parque Natural da Ria Formosa s\/n, 8700-194 Olhao, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Pous\u00e3o-Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IPMA, Aquaculture Research Station, Av. do Parque Natural da Ria Formosa s\/n, 8700-194 Olhao, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1131-8773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catarina G.","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Marine Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Campus of Gambelas, University of Algarve, Ed. 7, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4338-7703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00edsa","family":"Cust\u00f3dio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Marine Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Campus of Gambelas, University of Algarve, Ed. 7, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2019.08.003","article-title":"Toxicity of Herbs, Vitamins, and Supplements","volume":"27","author":"Charen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. 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