{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T05:46:56Z","timestamp":1774676816751,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]],"date-time":"2022-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656374400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"National Funds from FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologa","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/50016\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50016\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Natural pigments are a quite relevant group of molecules that are widely distributed in nature, possessing a significant role in our daily lives. Besides their colors, natural pigments are currently recognized as having relevant biological properties associated with health benefits, such as anti-tumor, anti-atherogenicity, anti-aging and anti-inflammatory activities, among others. Some of these compounds are easily associated with specific fruits (such as blueberries with anthocyanins, red pitaya with betalain or tomato with lycopene), vegetables (carrots with carotenoids), plant leaves (chlorophylls in green leaves or carotenoids in yellow and red autumn leaves) and even the muscle tissue of vertebrates (such as myoglobin). Despite being less popular as natural pigment sources, edible plant leaves possess a high variety of chlorophylls, as well as a high variety of carotenoids and anthocyanins. The purpose of this review is to critically analyze the whole workflow employed to identify and quantify the most common natural pigments (anthocyanin, carotenoids and chlorophylls) in edible plant leaves using tandem mass spectrometry. Across the literature there, is a lack of consistency in the methods used to extract and analyze these compounds, and this review aims to surpass this issue. Additionally, mass spectrometry has stood out in the context of metabolomics, currently being a widely employed technique in this field. For the three pigments classes, the following steps will be scrutinized: (i) sample pre-preparation, including the solvents and extraction conditions; (ii) details of the chromatographic separation and mass spectrometry experiments (iii) pigment identification and quantification.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11131924","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]],"date-time":"2022-06-28T23:59:22Z","timestamp":1656460762000},"page":"1924","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Anthocyanins, Carotenoids and Chlorophylls in Edible Plant Leaves Unveiled by Tandem Mass Spectrometry"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Clara","family":"Sousa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CBQF\u2014Centro de Biotecnologia e Qu\u00edmica Fina\u2014Laborat\u00f3rio Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Cat\u00f3lica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01113","article-title":"Fungal and Bacterial Pigments: Secondary Metabolites with Wide Applications","volume":"8","author":"Rao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2209","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2013.764841","article-title":"Availability and utilization of pigments from miocroalgae","volume":"56","author":"Begum","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nut."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Villar\u00f3, S., Ciardi, M., Morillas-Espa\u00f1a, A., S\u00e1chez-Zurano, A., Aci\u00e9n-Fern\u00e1ndez, G., and Lafarga, T. (2021). Microalgae derived astaxanthin: Research and consumer trends and industrial use as food. Foods, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10102303"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1900442","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.201900442","article-title":"Malagasy dye plant species: A promising source of novel natural colorants with potential applications- a review","volume":"16","author":"Andriamanantena","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Biodivers."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.culher.2018.03.022","article-title":"Historical azo pigments: Synthesis and characterization","volume":"35","author":"Lomax","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cult. Herit."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19690","DOI":"10.1039\/C8RA02406E","article-title":"Hydrothermal synthesis and characterization of novel yellow pigments based on V5+ doped BiPO4 with high near-infrared reflectance","volume":"8","author":"Ding","year":"2018","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zielewicz, W., Wr\u00f3bel, B., and Niedba\u0142a, G. (2020). Quantification of Chlorophyll and Carotene Pigments Content in Mountain Melick (Melica nutans L.) in Relation to Edaphic Variables. Forests, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/f11111197"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6339","DOI":"10.1007\/s12649-021-01443-9","article-title":"Natural Quinone Dyes: A Review on Structure, Extraction Techniques, Analysis and Application Potential","volume":"12","author":"Dulo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Waste Biomass Valorization"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shah, A., and Smith, D.L. (2020). Flavonoids in Agriculture: Chemistry and Roles in, Biotic and Abiotic Stress Responses, and Microbial Associations. Agronomy, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy10081209"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1111\/apha.12312","article-title":"Function and evolution of vertebrate globins","volume":"211","author":"Burmester","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Physiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.2007.00226.x","article-title":"The protective role of melanin against UV damage in human skin","volume":"84","author":"Brenner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361779","DOI":"10.1080\/16546628.2017.1361779","article-title":"Anthocyanidins and anthocyanins: Colored pigments as food, pharmaceutical ingredients, and the potential health benefits","volume":"61","author":"Khoo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Nut. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2491","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2017.1329198","article-title":"Antioxidant and anticancer properties of berries","volume":"58","author":"Baby","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nut."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Young, A.J., and Lowe, G.L. (2018). Carotenoids-antioxidant properties. Antioxidants, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox7020028"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molp.2014.12.002","article-title":"The Application of Synthetic Biology to Elucidation of Plant Mono-, Sesqui-, and Diterpenoid Metabolism","volume":"8","author":"Tkitaoka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Plant"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Q., Shi, Y., Ma, L., Yi, X., and Ruan, J. (2014). Metabolomic analysis using ultra-performance liquid chromatrography-quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF MS) uncovers the effects of light intensity and temperature under shading treatments on the metabolites in tea. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0112572"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2008.05.015","article-title":"Transgenic carrot plants accumulating ketocarotenoids show tolerance to UV and oxidative stresses","volume":"46","author":"Jayaraj","year":"2008","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2018.08.061","article-title":"Identification of antioxidant and antimicrobial compounds from the oilseed crop of Ricinus communis using a multiplatform metabolite profiling approach","volume":"124","author":"Santos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2021.129156","article-title":"Fruit tree leaves as unconventional and valuable source of chlorophyll and carotenoid compounds determined by liquid chromatography-photodiode-quadrupole\/time of flight-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (LC-PDA-qTof-ESI-MS)","volume":"349","author":"Nowicka","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2016.08.009","article-title":"Influence of plant maturity on anthocyanin concentrations, phenolic composition, and antioxidant properties of 3 purple basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) cultivars","volume":"53","author":"McCance","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Food. Compos. Anal."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Metli\u010dar, V., Vovk, I., and Albreht, A. (2019). Japanese and bohemian knotweeds as sustainable sources of carotenoids. Plants, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants8100384"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castro, T.A., Leite, B.S., Assuncao, L.S., Freitas, T.D., Colauto, N.B., Linde, G.A., Otero, D.M., Machado, B.A.S., and Ribeiro, C.D.F. (2022). Red tomato products as an alternative to reduce synthetic dyes in the food industry: A review. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26237125"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nawaz, A., Chaudhary, R., Shah, Z., Dufoss\u00e9, L., Fouillaud, M., Mukhtar, H., and ul Haq, I. (2021). An Overview on Industrial and Medical Applications of Bio-Pigments Synthesized by Marine Bacteria. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9010011"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Juric, S., Juric, M., Kr\u00f3l-Kilinska, Z., Vlahovicek-Kahlina, K., Vincekovic, M., Dragovic-Uzelac, V., and Donsi, F. (2020). Sources, stability, encapsulation and application of natural pigments in foods. Food Rev. Int., 1\u201356."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"836","article-title":"Natural colorants from plants for wellness industry","volume":"9","author":"Wong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-food-030216-025923","article-title":"Natural Colorants: Food Colorants from Natural Sources","volume":"8","author":"Sigurdson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106091","DOI":"10.1016\/j.porgcoat.2020.106091","article-title":"A review on plant extracts as natural additives in coating applications","volume":"151","author":"Ong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog. Org. Coat."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alappat, B., and Alappat, J. (2020). Anthocyanin Pigments: Beyond Aesthetics. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25235500"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.12244","article-title":"Natural Pigments: Stabilization Methods of Anthocyanins for Food Applications","volume":"16","author":"Cortez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Compr. Rev. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"149","article-title":"Anthocyanins as Antimicrobial Agents of Natural Plant Origin","volume":"6","author":"Cisowska","year":"2011","journal-title":"Natl. Prod. Commun."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1080\/01635581.2010.494821","article-title":"Anticancer activities of an anthocyanin-rich extract from black rice against breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo","volume":"62","author":"Hui","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nutr. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Belwal, T., Nabavi, S.M., and Habtemariam, S. (2017). Dietary anthocyanins and insulin resistance: When food becomes a medicine. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9101111"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1080\/10715760290006484","article-title":"The antioxidant activity of regularly consumed fruit and vegetables reflects their phenolic and vitamin C composition","volume":"36","author":"Proteggente","year":"2002","journal-title":"Free Radic. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pereira, S., Pereira, R., Figueiredo, I., De Freitas, V., Dinis, T.C.P., and Almeida, L. (2017). Comparison of anti-inflammatory activities of an anthocyanin-rich fraction from Portuguese blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) and 5-aminosalicylic acid in a TNBS-induced colitis rat model. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0174116"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1071\/FP11192","article-title":"Carotenoids in nature: Insights from plants and beyond","volume":"38","author":"Cazzonelli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Funct. Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11418-019-01364-x","article-title":"Carotenoids as natural functional pigments","volume":"74","author":"Maoka","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1111\/tpj.12386","article-title":"Carotenoid oxidation products as stress signals in plants","volume":"79","author":"Havaux","year":"2014","journal-title":"Plant J."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molp.2014.12.007","article-title":"Carotenoid metabolism in plants","volume":"8","author":"Nisar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Plant"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.3390\/md9030447","article-title":"Astaxanthin: A potential therapeutic agent in cardiovascular disease","volume":"9","author":"Fassett","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stachowiak, B., and Szulc, P. (2021). Astaxanthin for the Food Industry. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26092666"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-biochem-072711-162943","article-title":"Chlorophyll modifications and their spectral extension in oxygenic photosynthesis","volume":"83","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lim (2007). P.O.; Kim, H.J.; Nam, H.G. Leaf senescence. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol., 58, 115\u2013136.","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.arplant.57.032905.105316"},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Hoffman, E., and Stroobant, V. (2007). Mass Spectrometry: Principles and Applications, John Wiley & Sons. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5478\/MSL.2015.6.1.1","article-title":"Direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry: A powerful tool for fast analysis","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mass Spec. Lett."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1039\/b925257f","article-title":"Desorption electrospray ionization and other ambient ionzation methods: Current progress and preview","volume":"135","author":"Ifa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2007.05.024","article-title":"Supervised pattern recognition in food analysis","volume":"1158","author":"Berrueta","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"(2022, May 19). Available online: http:\/\/www.genome.jp\/kegg."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"National Library of Medicine, Kim, S., Chen, J., Chen, T., Gindulyte, A., He, J., He, S., Li, Q., Shoemaker, B.A., and Thiessen, P.A. (2019). PubChem in 2021: New data content and improved web interfaces. Nucleic Acids Res., 49, D1388\u2013D1395. Available online: http:\/\/pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkaa971"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D622","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkab1062","article-title":"HMDB 5.0: The Human Metabolome Database for 2022","volume":"50","author":"Wishart","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"(2022, May 19). Available online: http:\/\/www.mhttp:\/\/www.kazusa.or.jp\/komics\/en\/database-en.html."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"(2022, May 19). Available online: http:\/\/metlin.scripps.edu\/."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"(2022, May 19). Available online: https:\/\/webbook.nist.gov\/chemistry\/."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"(2022, May 19). Available online: https:\/\/www.matrixscience.com\/search_form_select.html."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"(2022, May 19). Available online: https:\/\/www.metaboanalyst.ca\/."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"GNPS: Global Natural Products Social Molecular Networking, Wang, M., Carver, J.J., Phelan, V.V., Sanchez, L.M., Garg, N., Peng, Y., Nguyen, D.D., Watrous, J., and Kapono, C.A. (2016). Sharing and community curation of mass spectrometry data with Global Natural Products Social Molecular Networking. Nat. Biotechnol., 34, 828. Available online: https:\/\/gnps.ucsd.edu\/ProteoSAFe\/static\/gnps-splash.jsp?redirect=auth."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-11-395","article-title":"MZmine 2: Modular framework for processing, visualizing, and analyzing mass spectrometry-based molecular profile data","volume":"11","author":"Pluskal","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Bioinform."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"(2022, May 19). Available online: https:\/\/cytoscape.org\/."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3306","DOI":"10.1021\/jf304860u","article-title":"Characterization and activity of anthocyanins in Zijuan tea (Camellia sinensis var. kitamura","volume":"61","author":"Jiang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.9b05858","article-title":"Metabolic regulation profiling of carbon and nitrogen in tea plants [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze] in response to shading","volume":"68","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.10158","article-title":"Stimulated biosynthesis of delphinidin-related anthocyanins in tea shots reducing the quality of green tea in summer","volume":"100","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.1093\/treephys\/tpz059","article-title":"Transcriptomic and metabolomics profiling of Camellia sinensis L. cv. \u2018Suchazao\u2019 exposed to temperature stresses reveals modification in protein synthesis and photosynthetic and anthocyanin biosynthetic pathways","volume":"39","author":"Shen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Tree Physiol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qin, X.-X., Zhang, M.-Y., Han, Y.-Y., Hao, J.-H., Liu, C.-J., and Fan, S.-X. (2018). Beneficial phytochemicals with anti-tumor potential revealed through metabolic profiling of new red pigmented lettuces (Lactuca sativa L.). Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19041165"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1002\/jms.4021","article-title":"Characterization of phenolic compounds in green and red oak-leaf lettuce cultivars by UHPLC-DAD-ESI-QToF\/MS using MSE scan mode","volume":"52","author":"Viacava","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2014.03.026","article-title":"Anthocyanins from buds of Lonicera japonica Thunb. var","volume":"62","author":"Yuan","year":"2014","journal-title":"chinensis (Wats.) Bak. Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1111\/plb.12403","article-title":"Metabolite profiling reveals temperature effects on VOCs and flavonoids of different plant populations","volume":"18","author":"Goh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2009.08.020","article-title":"Determination of phenolic composition and antioxidant activity in fruits, rhizomes and leaves of the white strawberry (Fragaria chiloensis spp. chiloensis form chiloensis) using HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS and free radical quenching techniques","volume":"23","author":"Simirgiotis","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Food Compos. Anal."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1007\/s11816-018-0497-4","article-title":"Metabolically engineered anthocyanin-producing lime provides additional nutricional value and antioxidant potential to juice","volume":"12","author":"Hijaz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Plant Biotechnol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2020.00941","article-title":"Multiple MYB activators and repressors collaboratively regulate the juvenile red fading in leaves of sweetpotato","volume":"11","author":"Deng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2020.112439","article-title":"Location and tissue effects on phytochemical composition and in vitro antioxidante activity of Moringa oleifera","volume":"151","author":"Aguillar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, L., Rocchetti, G., Zengin, G., Ak, G., Saber, F.R., Montesano, D., and Lucini, L. (2021). The UHPLC-QTOF-MS phenolic profiling and activity of Cydonia oblonga Mill. reveals a promising nutraceutical potential. Foods, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10061230"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.12087","article-title":"Biochemical profile of leaf, silk and grain samples of eight maize landraces (Zea mays L.) cultivated in two low-input agricultural systems","volume":"38","author":"Uarrota","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Food Biochem."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2020.112323","article-title":"The phenolic profile extracted from the desiccation-tolerant medicinal shrub Myrothamnus flabellifolia using natural deep eutectic solvents","volume":"173","author":"Bentley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1007\/s00217-014-2174-3","article-title":"Carotenoid content in vegetative and reproductive parts of commercially grown Moring oleifera Lam. Cultivars from India by LC-APCI-MS","volume":"238","author":"Saini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Food Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.1993","article-title":"Carotenoid composition of kale as influenced by maturity, season and minimal processing","volume":"85","author":"Azevedo","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103798","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2020.103798","article-title":"Carotenoid profile of two capsorubin-rich tropical plants","volume":"97","author":"Murillo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Food Compost. Anal."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1038\/s41438-017-0010-1","article-title":"Metabolic analysis reveal different mechanisms of leaf color change I two purple-leaf tea plant (Camellia sinensis L.) cultivars","volume":"5","author":"Shen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hort. Res."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1007\/s00217-018-3191-4","article-title":"UPLC-PDA-Q\/TOF-MS identification of bioactive compounds and on-line UPLC-ABTS assay in Fallopia japonica Houtt and Fallopia sachalinensis (F-Schmid) leaves and rhizomes grown in Poland","volume":"245","author":"Lachowicz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Food Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2018.07.002","article-title":"A rapid LC-MS method for qualitative and quantitative profiling plant apocarotenoids","volume":"1035","author":"Mi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2018.07.016","article-title":"A fast and reliable ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography method to assess the fate of chlorophylls in teas and processed vegetable foodstuff","volume":"1568","author":"Cosovanu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2011.09.027","article-title":"An improved high performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array detection-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-mass spectrometry method for determination of chlorophylls and their derivatives in freeze-dried and hot-air-dried Rhinacanthus nasutus (l.) Kurz","volume":"86","author":"Kao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Talanta"}],"container-title":["Foods"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/11\/13\/1924\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:39:57Z","timestamp":1760139597000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/11\/13\/1924"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"alternative-id":["foods11131924"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/foods11131924","relation":{},"ISSN":["2304-8158"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2304-8158","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]]}}}