{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T10:29:25Z","timestamp":1762079365343,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,28]],"date-time":"2022-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669593600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002848","name":"CONICYT\/Chile","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21181445","7317076","73170764","1221024","UIDB\/04469\/2020","NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000004","INFRA04\/84445\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21181445","7317076","73170764","1221024","UIDB\/04469\/2020","NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000004","INFRA04\/84445\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002848","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Universidad de La Frontera (Temuco, Chile)","award":["21181445","7317076","73170764","1221024","UIDB\/04469\/2020","NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000004","INFRA04\/84445\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21181445","7317076","73170764","1221024","UIDB\/04469\/2020","NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000004","INFRA04\/84445\/2020"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21181445","7317076","73170764","1221024","UIDB\/04469\/2020","NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000004","INFRA04\/84445\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21181445","7317076","73170764","1221024","UIDB\/04469\/2020","NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000004","INFRA04\/84445\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"BioTecNorte operation","award":["21181445","7317076","73170764","1221024","UIDB\/04469\/2020","NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000004","INFRA04\/84445\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21181445","7317076","73170764","1221024","UIDB\/04469\/2020","NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000004","INFRA04\/84445\/2020"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund","award":["21181445","7317076","73170764","1221024","UIDB\/04469\/2020","NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000004","INFRA04\/84445\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21181445","7317076","73170764","1221024","UIDB\/04469\/2020","NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000004","INFRA04\/84445\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Berry fruits of Capsicum annuum L. cv. \u201cCacho de Cabra\u201d are used for the manufacture of a traditional pepper powder known as Merk\u00e9n. In the present study, aflatoxins (AFs) and ochratoxin A (OTA) contamination in berry fruits of C. annuum was determined at harvest, drying, and smoking stages of Merk\u00e9n production, in cumin and coriander seeds used as Merk\u00e9n ingredients, and in the final packaged Merk\u00e9n produced by local farmers. Additionally, Merk\u00e9n samples from local markets in the region of La Araucan\u00eda (Chile) were also evaluated. Chromatographic analysis was based on a qualitative method. AFs and OTA were not detected on pepper pods and seeds. There was no detection of AFs and OTA on cultured Aspergillus and Penicillium strains isolated from pepper pods, cumin and coriander seeds and Merk\u00e9n. The lack of AFs\/OTA-producers among the isolated fungal species can explain and support the absence of contamination in pepper pods. In contrast, the AFB1 was detected in 75% of Merk\u00e9n obtained from farmers and 46% of Merk\u00e9n samples purchased from local markets; while OTA was detected in 100% of Merk\u00e9n samples obtained from farmers and local markets. In the Merk\u00e9n production chain, the harvest and post-harvest are key stages for fungal growth while the commercialization stage is highly susceptible to AFs and OTA contamination.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11233843","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,28]],"date-time":"2022-11-28T08:13:09Z","timestamp":1669623189000},"page":"3843","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Occurrence of Aflatoxins and Ochratoxin A during Merk\u00e9n Pepper Powder Production in Chile"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"J\u00e9ssica","family":"Costa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811-230, Chile"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Cultura de Tecidos Vegetais, Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas-ICB, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Av. Rodrigo Ot\u00e1vio Jord\u00e3o Ramos 3000, Bloco E, Setor Sul, Manaus 69077-000, AM, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4575-1807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, Campus de Gualtar, Micoteca da Universidade do Minho (MUM), University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"LABBELS (Associate Laboratory, Braga\/Guimar\u00e3es), Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9093-7355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9lia","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, Campus de Gualtar, Micoteca da Universidade do Minho (MUM), University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"LABBELS (Associate Laboratory, Braga\/Guimar\u00e3es), Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, Campus de Gualtar, Micoteca da Universidade do Minho (MUM), University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"LABBELS (Associate Laboratory, Braga\/Guimar\u00e3es), Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2185-0613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nelson","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, Campus de Gualtar, Micoteca da Universidade do Minho (MUM), University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"LABBELS (Associate Laboratory, Braga\/Guimar\u00e3es), Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4681-0941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cledir","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Science and Natural Resources, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811-230, Chile"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Oliveira, L.A., Jesus, M.A., Jackisch-Matsuura, A.B., Gasparotto, L., Oliveira, L.G.S., Lima-Neto, R.G., and Rocha, L.C. 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