{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T21:03:40Z","timestamp":1773263020605,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,20]],"date-time":"2023-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687219200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation","award":["PID2019-109365RA-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-109365RA-I00"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna Jacq.) and whitebeam (Sorbus aria (L.) Crantz) are wild species traditionally used as ethnic foods in the Mediterranean area. Their red berries, and mainly the peels, may be used as ingredients due to their color (replacing other synthetic colorants) or functional properties. Some previous studies analyze all edible fruits, but there is very little literature on the composition and properties of the pulpless epidermis of the fruits of C. monogyna and no literature concerning the fruits of S. aria. Total phenolic compounds (TPC) and families of hydroxybenzoic acids, hydroxycinnamic acids, flavonols, and total monomeric anthocyanins were determined in the epidermis of C. monogyna and S. aria fruits. The in vitro antioxidant capacity was also determined using QUENCHER (Quick-Easy-New-CHEap-Reproducible) methodology. Anthocyanins profiles were analyzed in hydroalcoholic extracts through HPLC\/MS. C. monogyna fruits presented higher content of TPC than S. aria, with hydroxybenzoic acids (2870.6 mg GAE\/100g dw) as the major family, followed by flavonols (771.4 mg QE\/100 g dw) and hydroxycinnamic acids (610.3 FAE\/100 g dw). Anthocyanins were found in 251.7 mg cyanidin-3-glucoside\/100 g dw, characterized by the content of cyanidin-O-hexoxide and peonidin-O-hexoxide. The levels of these compounds correlated with higher values of a* parameter (higher intensity of reddish color). These fruits also showed higher antioxidant capacity by Q-Folin\u2013Ciocalteu and Q-FRAP. S. aria peels had fewer phenolic compounds, particularly anthocyanins (33.7 mg cyanidin-3-glucoside\/100 g dw), containing different cyanidin derivatives. From these results, new insights about the composition of the epidermis of these wild fruits are provided, and their potential as ingredients for the food industry is corroborated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12122427","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,21]],"date-time":"2023-06-21T02:01:33Z","timestamp":1687312893000},"page":"2427","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Wild Fruits of Crataegus monogyna Jacq. and Sorbus aria (L.) Crantz: From Traditional Foods to Innovative Sources of Pigments and Antioxidant Ingredients for Food Products"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Cristina","family":"Tamayo-Vives","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University Complutense of Madrid, Pza, Ram\u00f3n y Cajal s\/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4696-9381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia","family":"Garc\u00eda-Herrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University Complutense of Madrid, Pza, Ram\u00f3n y Cajal s\/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7292-8663","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Cortes","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Mata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University Complutense of Madrid, Pza, Ram\u00f3n y Cajal s\/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"given":"Rosa M.","family":"C\u00e1mara-Hurtado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University Complutense of Madrid, Pza, Ram\u00f3n y Cajal s\/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8996-3334","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Luisa","family":"P\u00e9rez-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University Complutense of Madrid, Pza, Ram\u00f3n y Cajal s\/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Aceituno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology (Botanic), Faculty of Sciences, Autonomous University of Madrid, Cantoblanco Campus, 28049 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9406-4758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Pardo-de-Santayana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology (Botanic), Faculty of Sciences, Autonomous University of Madrid, Cantoblanco Campus, 28049 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Center for Research in Biodiversity and Global Change (CIBC-UAM), Autonomous University of Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8744-7814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda In\u00eas","family":"D\u00edas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regi\u00f5es de Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9050-5189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lillian","family":"Barros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regi\u00f5es de Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4963-2696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia","family":"Morales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University Complutense of Madrid, Pza, Ram\u00f3n y Cajal s\/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"127","article-title":"Scientific basis for the industrialization of traditionally used plants of the Rosaceae family","volume":"330","author":"Pereira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez-Mata, M.C., and Tard\u00edo, J. (2016). Book Mediterranean Wild Edible Plants: Ethnobotany and Food Composition Tables, Springer. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-3329-7"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1007\/s00217-018-3178-1","article-title":"Nutraceutical properties and phytochemical characterization of wild Serbian fruits","volume":"245","author":"Bosco","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Food Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"61","article-title":"Wild blackthorn (Prunus spinosa L.) and hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna Jacq.) fruits as valuable sources of antioxidants","volume":"69","year":"2014","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2018.05.101","article-title":"Polyphenolic-polysaccharide conjugates from flowers and fruits of single-seeded hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna Jacq.): Chemical profiles and mechanisms of anticoagulant activity","volume":"116","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7700","DOI":"10.1021\/jf801668c","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory, gastroprotective, free-radical-scavenging, and antimicrobial activities of hawthorn berries ethanol extract","volume":"56","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.13189\/app.2022.100403","article-title":"Crataegus monogyna and Centella asiatica Extracts as Inhibitors of Cathepsin S","volume":"10","author":"Obikeze","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Pharmacol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alirezalu, A., Ahmadi, N., Salehi, P., Sonboli, A., Alirezalu, K., Khaneghah, A.M., Barba, F.J., Munekata, P.E.S., and Lorenzo, J.M. (2020). Physicochemical Characterization, Antioxidant Activity, and Phenolic Compounds of Hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) Fruits Species for Potential Use in Food Applications. Foods, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods9040436"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.13643","article-title":"Bioactive Components and Antioxidant Capacity of Fruits from Nine Sorbus Genotypes","volume":"82","author":"Krska","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"219","article-title":"Phytochemical, nutritional and antioxidant characteristics of whitebeam (Sorbus aria) fruits","volume":"19","author":"Petkova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Sci. Pol. Technol. Aliment."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3124","DOI":"10.1080\/10942912.2016.1274906","article-title":"Phenolic acids and flavonoids profiles of extracts from edible wild fruits and their antioxidant properties","volume":"20","author":"Cosmulescu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Prop."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1982","DOI":"10.1016\/S2095-3119(13)60636-X","article-title":"Mediterranean Berries as Inhibitors of Lipid Oxidation in Porcine Burger Patties Subjected to Cooking and Chilled Storage","volume":"12","author":"Armenteros","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Integr. Agric."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6922","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.5b01644","article-title":"Adaptation and validation of QUick, Easy, New, CHEap, and Reproducible (QUENCHER) antioxidant capacity assays in model products obtained from residual wine pomace","volume":"63","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"AOAC (2006). Official Methods of Analysis. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, AOAC. [18th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2023.135669","article-title":"Wild sweet cherry, strawberry and bilberry as underestimated sources of natural colorants and bioactive compounds with functional properties","volume":"414","author":"Vega","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"1188","article-title":"Optimization of a New Methodology for Determination of Total Phenolic Content in Rice Employing Fast Blue BB and QUENCHER Procedure","volume":"27","author":"Palombini","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Braz. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5195","DOI":"10.1021\/jf040075c","article-title":"Antioxidant phenols in Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) flour: Comparative spectrophotometric study among extraction methods of free and bound phenolic compounds","volume":"52","author":"Bonoli","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2621.1996.tb12182.x","article-title":"Radish Anthocyanin Extract as a Natural Red Colorant for Maraschino Cherries","volume":"61","author":"Giusti","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.5344\/ajev.1977.28.1.49","article-title":"Total Phenol Analysis: Automation and Comparison with Manual Methods","volume":"28","author":"Slinkard","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Enol. Vitic."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1006\/abio.1996.0292","article-title":"The ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as a measure of \u201cantioxidant power\u201d: The FRAP assay","volume":"239","author":"Benzie","year":"1996","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2019.01.052","article-title":"Rubus ulmifolius Schott fruits: A detailed study of its nutritional, chemical, and bioactive properties","volume":"119","author":"Pereira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2014.10.145","article-title":"Chemical characterisation, and bioactive properties of Prunus avium L.: The widely studied fruits and the unexplored stems","volume":"173","author":"Bastos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4290","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0502698","article-title":"Standardized Methods for the Determination of Antioxidant Capacity and Phenolics in Foods and Dietary Supplements","volume":"53","author":"Prior","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R11","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2621.2005.tb09053.x","article-title":"Effects of Production and Processing Factors on Major Fruit and Vegetable Antioxidants","volume":"70","author":"Kalt","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/s11130-010-0159-3","article-title":"Six edible Wild Fruits as Potential Antioxidant Additives or Nutritional Supplements","volume":"65","author":"Egea","year":"2010","journal-title":"Plants Foods Hum. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.21273\/HORTSCI16647-22","article-title":"Quantification of Total Phenolic, Anthocyanin, and Flavonoid Content in a Diverse Panel of Blueberry Cultivars and Ecotypes","volume":"57","author":"Rossi","year":"2022","journal-title":"HortScience"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2012.05.003","article-title":"Comparative analysis of strawberry total phenolics via Fast Blue BB vs. Folin\u2013Ciocalteu: Assay interference by ascorbic acid","volume":"27","author":"Lester","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Food Compos. Anal."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ravindranath, V., Singh, J., Jayaprakasha, G.K., and Patil, B.S. (2021). Optimization of Extraction Solvent and Fast Blue BB Assay for Comparative Analysis of Antioxidant Phenolics from Cucumis melo L.. Plants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10071379"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2708","DOI":"10.1080\/13880209.2016.1179769","article-title":"Geographic origin influences the phenolic composition and antioxidant potential of wild Crataegus monogyna from Spain","volume":"11","author":"Abuashwashi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moldovan, C., Frumuzachi, O., Babot\u0103, M., Menghini, L., Cesa, S., Gavan, A., Sisea, C.R., Tanase, C., D\u00edas, M.I., and Pereira, C. (2021). Development of an Optimized Drying Process for the Recovery of Bioactive Compounds from the Autumn Fruits of Berberis vulgaris L. and Crataegus monogyna Jacq. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10101579"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2897","DOI":"10.1007\/s12161-018-1259-1","article-title":"Evaluation of the antioxidant potential of mixed fruit-based beverages: A new insight on the folin-ciocalteu method","volume":"11","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Anal. Methods"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"15","article-title":"Phenolics content and antioxidant activity of three Sorbus species","volume":"5","author":"Kjoseviski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bull. Chem. Technol. Bosnia Herzeg."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2008.02.047","article-title":"Methodological aspects about in vitro evaluation of antioxidant properties","volume":"613","author":"Segundo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1841","DOI":"10.1021\/jf030723c","article-title":"The Chemistry behind Antioxidant Capacity Assays","volume":"53","author":"Huang","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202200631","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.202200631","article-title":"Caesalpinia palmeri: First Report on the Phenolic Compounds Profile, Antioxidant and Cytotoxicity Effect","volume":"20","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Biodivers."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"56","article-title":"Structure-antioxidant activity relationship of methoxy, phenolic hydroxyl, and carboxylic acid groups of phenolic acids","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1646","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12081646","article-title":"Antioxidant Activity of Synthetic Polymers of Phenolic Compounds","volume":"12","author":"Nagarajan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Cai, P., Cheng, G., and Zhang, Y. (2022). A Brief Review of Phenolic Compounds Identified from Plants: Their Extraction, Analysis, and Biological Activity. Nat. Prod. Commun., 17.","DOI":"10.1177\/1934578X211069721"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2014.11.045","article-title":"Wild grown red and yellow hawthorn fruits from Tunisia as source of antioxidants","volume":"8","author":"Mraihi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arab. J. Chem."}],"container-title":["Foods"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/12\/12\/2427\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:57:19Z","timestamp":1760126239000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/12\/12\/2427"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,20]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["foods12122427"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/foods12122427","relation":{},"ISSN":["2304-8158"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2304-8158","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,20]]}}}