{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T13:02:48Z","timestamp":1778158968426,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,29]],"date-time":"2023-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687996800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Funds","award":["UIDB\/05183\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/05183\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The relationship between salivary proteome and dietary habits was studied in previous works, where a relationship between salivary proteins like cystatins and polyphenol\/tannin levels in diet was observed. However, it remains to be elucidated if this association results from an effect of polyphenol-rich food ingestion on saliva composition. The aim of this work was to test the effects of apple intake on the saliva proteome, both in the short and medium term (after 4 days of continuous intake). By incubating saliva samples with apple phenolic-rich extract, protein bands containing \u03b1-amylase, S-type cystatins, and proline-rich proteins (PRPs) appeared in the fraction that precipitated, showing the potential of these (poly)phenols to precipitate salivary proteins. Among these, it was salivary cystatins that presented changes in their levels both in the saliva samples collected immediately after apple intake and in the ones collected after 4 days of intake of an extra amount of apple. These results support the thought that intake is reflected in the salivary proteome. The effect of a polyphenol-rich food, like the apple, on salivary cystatin levels is in line with results observed in animal models and, due to the involvement of these proteins in oral food perception, it would be interesting to explore in future studies the effect of these changes on sensory perception and acceptance of polyphenol-rich food.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12132540","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]],"date-time":"2023-06-30T00:51:06Z","timestamp":1688086266000},"page":"2540","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The Influence of (Poly)phenol Intake in Saliva Proteome: Short- and Medium-Term Effects of Apple"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Teresa","family":"Louro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MED-Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE-Global Change and Sustainability Institute, P\u00f3lo da Mitra, University of \u00c9vora, Apartado 94, 7006-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Carreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MED-Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE-Global Change and Sustainability Institute, P\u00f3lo da Mitra, University of \u00c9vora, Apartado 94, 7006-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"given":"In\u00eas","family":"Caeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MED-Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE-Global Change and Sustainability Institute, P\u00f3lo da Mitra, University of \u00c9vora, Apartado 94, 7006-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Carla","family":"Sim\u00f5es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MED-Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE-Global Change and Sustainability Institute, P\u00f3lo da Mitra, University of \u00c9vora, Apartado 94, 7006-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0173-5212","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Ricardo-Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MED-Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE-Global Change and Sustainability Institute, P\u00f3lo da Mitra, University of \u00c9vora, Apartado 94, 7006-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5267-3723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Rato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MED-Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE-Global Change and Sustainability Institute, P\u00f3lo da Mitra, University of \u00c9vora, Apartado 94, 7006-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Plant Science, School of Science and Technology, University of \u00c9vora, P\u00f3lo da Mitra, Apartado 94, 7002-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8301-7702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Capela e Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MED-Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE-Global Change and Sustainability Institute, P\u00f3lo da Mitra, University of \u00c9vora, Apartado 94, 7006-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Medical and Health Sciences, School of Health and Human Development, University of \u00c9vora, 7000-671 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1092-7825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henrique","family":"Lu\u00eds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit in Oral and Biomedical Sciences (UICOB), School of Dental Medicine and Rede de Higienistas Orais para o Desenvolvimento da Ci\u00eancia (RHODes), University of Lisbon, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Innovative Care and Health Technology (ciTechcare), Polytechnic of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal"},{"name":"Health School, Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre, 7300-555 Portalegre, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7035-7799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Porto University (FCNAUP), 4150-180 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9370-1337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elsa","family":"Lamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MED-Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE-Global Change and Sustainability Institute, P\u00f3lo da Mitra, University of \u00c9vora, Apartado 94, 7006-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1080\/10942912.2016.1220393","article-title":"Natural polyphenols: An overview","volume":"20","author":"Abbas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. 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