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2022.11323.BDANA"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The fortified wines that originated in Mediterranean countries have, in common, a high alcohol content to increase their shelf-life during long journeys to northern Europe and the American continent. Nowadays, the world\u2019s better-known wines, including Marsala, Madeira, Port, and Sherry, due to their high alcoholic content, sweet taste, and intense aromatic profile, are designated as dessert wines and sometimes served as aperitifs. This review gives an overview of the traditional vinification process, including the microbiota and autochthonous yeast, as well as the regulatory aspects of the main Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish fortified wines. The winemaking process is essential to defining the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that characterize the aroma of each fortified wine, giving them an organoleptic fingerprint and \u201cterroir\u201d characteristics. The various volatile and odorous compounds found in fortified wines during the oxidative aging are discussed in the last part of this review.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12132558","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]],"date-time":"2023-06-30T16:08:32Z","timestamp":1688141312000},"page":"2558","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The Fingerprint of Fortified Wines\u2014From the Sui Generis Production Processes to the Distinctive Aroma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7223-1022","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosa","family":"Perestrelo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CQM\u2014Centro de Qu\u00edmica da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5686-7993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yassine","family":"Jaouhari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale \u201cA. Avogadro\u201d, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy"}]},{"given":"Teresa","family":"Abreu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CQM\u2014Centro de Qu\u00edmica da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2404-8407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariangie M.","family":"Castillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CQM\u2014Centro de Qu\u00edmica da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3735-6628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabiano","family":"Travaglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale \u201cA. Avogadro\u201d, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0316-5348","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge A. M.","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CQM\u2014Centro de Qu\u00edmica da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1965-3151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 S.","family":"C\u00e2mara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CQM\u2014Centro de Qu\u00edmica da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias Exatas e Engenharia, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6587-9843","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo","family":"Bordiga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale \u201cA. Avogadro\u201d, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Caballero, B., Finglas, P.M., and Toldr\u00e1, F. (2016). Encyclopedia of Food and Health, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-384927-4.00007-5","article-title":"Distinctive characteristics of Madeira wine regarding its traditional winemaking and modern analytical methodologies","volume":"63","author":"Perestrelo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Food Nutr. 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