{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T12:56:05Z","timestamp":1768481765773,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]],"date-time":"2023-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690761600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["UIDP\/00772\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00772\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["LA\/P\/0059\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0059\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB) research unit","award":["UIDP\/00772\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00772\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB) research unit","award":["LA\/P\/0059\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0059\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB) research unit","award":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To provide meat safety and consumer protection, appropriate hygiene control measures at an abattoir are required. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of visual fecal contamination level (VFCL) and lairage time (LT) on pig skin (PS) and external (ECS) and internal (ICS) carcass surfaces. The presence of Enterobacteriaceae, Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Salmonella in PS, ECS, and ICS were evaluated. A total of 300 paired samples were collected from 100 pigs. Results underlined the importance of the skin (Enterobacteriaceae: 3.27 \u00b1 0.68 log CFU\/cm2; E. coli: 3.15 \u00b1 0.63 log CFU\/cm2; Salmonella: 21% of samples) as a direct or indirect source of carcass contamination. Although VFCL revealed no significant effect (p &gt; 0.05), the increase of LT had a significant impact (p &lt; 0.001) on Enterobacteriaceae and E. coli levels across all analysed surfaces, and Salmonella presence on ICS (p &lt; 0.01), demanding attention to LT. Also, the ICS showed a higher level of these bacteria compared to ECS. These results highlight the need of food business operators to consider ICS as an alternative area to sample for Salmonella, as a criterion for process hygiene based on EC Regulation No. 2073\/2005, and as a potential contamination source to be integrated in the hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP) plans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12152910","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]],"date-time":"2023-07-31T10:00:15Z","timestamp":1690797615000},"page":"2910","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli and Enterobacteriaceae Control at a Pig Abattoir: Are We Missing Lairage Time Effect, Pig Skin, and Internal Carcass Surface Contamination?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4681-9276","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Dias Costa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CITAB\u2014Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences\/Inov4Agro\u2014Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CECAV\u2014Animal and Veterinary Research Centre, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Leite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CECAV\u2014Animal and Veterinary Research Centre, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3623-9422","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margarida","family":"Saraiva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INSA\u2014National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Food Microbiology Laboratory, Reference Unit, Department of Food and Nutrition, Rua Alexandre Herculano 321, 4000-055 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Teresa Teixeira","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INSA\u2014National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Food Microbiology Laboratory, Reference Unit, Department of Food and Nutrition, Rua Alexandre Herculano 321, 4000-055 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Patr\u00edcia","family":"Themudo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INIAV\u2014National Institute of Agrarian and Veterinary Research, Bacteriology and Micology Laboratory, Avenida da Rep\u00fablica, Quinta do Marqu\u00eas, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4316-1520","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana","family":"Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CITAB\u2014Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences\/Inov4Agro\u2014Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8588-7071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Madalena","family":"Vieira-Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CECAV\u2014Animal and Veterinary Research Centre, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Veterinary Science Department\u2014Gab. B.1.02, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"OECD Publishing (2023). OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2023\u20132032, OECD Publishing."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2018.08.003","article-title":"Antimicrobial Resistance pro Fi Les and Characteristics of Integrons in Escherichia coli Strains Isolated from a Large-Scale Centralized Swine Slaughterhouse and Its Downstream Markets in Zhejiang, China","volume":"95","author":"Fang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Control."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) (2018). The European Union Summary Report on Trends and Sources of Zoonoses, Zoonotic Agents and Food-Borne Outbreaks in 2017. 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