{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T02:10:27Z","timestamp":1769911827295,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,25]],"date-time":"2023-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698192000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/05937\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/05937\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BI_01_2021_CISAS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BI_01_2021_CISAS"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"CISAS","award":["UIDB\/05937\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/05937\/2020"]}]},{"name":"CISAS","award":["BI_01_2021_CISAS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BI_01_2021_CISAS"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Goat milk is an interesting product from a nutritional and health standpoint, although its physico-chemical composition presents some technological challenges, mainly for being less stable than cow\u2019s milk at high temperatures. As pasteurization and ultra-high temperature processing are universally employed to ensure milk quality and safety, non-thermal methods, such as pulsed electric fields (PEFs), reduce the microbial load and eliminate pathogens, representing an interesting alternative for processing this product. This study demonstrates how the combined use of a PEF with short thermal processing and moderate temperature can be effective and energy-efficient in goat milk processing. A combination of thermal treatment at 63 \u00b0C after a low-intensity PEF (50 \u00b5s pulses, 3 Hz, and 10 kV\u00b7cm\u22121) caused the same reduction effect on the population of Listeria monocytogenes (goat\u2019s raw milk artificially spiked), as compared to a thermal treatment at 72 \u00b0C without a PEF. However, z values are significantly higher when PEF is used as a pre-treatment, suggesting that it may induce heat resistance in the survival population of L. monocytogenes. The sensitivity of L. monocytogenes to high temperatures is less pronounced in goat\u2019s milk than cow\u2019s milk, with a more pronounced impact of a PEF on lethality when combined with lower temperatures in goat\u2019s milk. The effect of a PEF on Escherichia coli viability was even more pronounced. It was also observed that thermal treatment energy needs with a PEF as a pre-treatment can be reduced by at least 50% of the total energy requirements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12213913","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,26]],"date-time":"2023-10-26T02:40:07Z","timestamp":1698288007000},"page":"3913","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Implications of Pulsed Electric Field Pre-Treatment on Goat Milk Pasteurization"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Alberta","family":"Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CISAS, Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Gest\u00e3o, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun\u2019\u00c1lvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal"},{"name":"CEB\u2014Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade do Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8042-8642","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CISAS, Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Gest\u00e3o, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun\u2019\u00c1lvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal"},{"name":"LAQV-Requimte, Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry\u2014Network of Chemistry and Technology, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia da Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1844-485X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel Rui","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CISAS, Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Gest\u00e3o, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun\u2019\u00c1lvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexandre","family":"Rom\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Gest\u00e3o, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun\u2019\u00c1lvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3148-4445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CISAS, Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Gest\u00e3o, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun\u2019\u00c1lvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.3390\/dairy3030044","article-title":"Nutritional Profile, Processing and Potential Products: A Comparative Review of Goat Milk","volume":"3","author":"Nayik","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dairy"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.19.0327","article-title":"Current status, challenges and the way forward for dairy goat production in Europe","volume":"32","author":"Morales","year":"2019","journal-title":"Asian-Australas. 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