{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T22:38:14Z","timestamp":1776983894060,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,29]],"date-time":"2023-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701216000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Project VIIAFOOD\u2014Plataforma de Valoriza\u00e7\u00e3o, Industrializa\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o comercial para o AgroAlimentar","award":["C64492956-00000040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C64492956-00000040"]}]},{"name":"Project VIIAFOOD\u2014Plataforma de Valoriza\u00e7\u00e3o, Industrializa\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o comercial para o AgroAlimentar","award":["FCT UIDB\/04129\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FCT UIDB\/04129\/2020"]}]},{"name":"LEAF-Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food Research Center, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal","award":["C64492956-00000040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C64492956-00000040"]}]},{"name":"LEAF-Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food Research Center, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal","award":["FCT UIDB\/04129\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FCT UIDB\/04129\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The main goal of this research was to investigate how particle size influences the characteristics of pear (Pyrus Communis L.) pomace flour and to examine the impact of different pre-treatment methods on the phenolic content and associated bioactivities. Pear pomace flour was fractionated into different particle sizes, namely 1 mm, 710 \u00b5m, 180 \u00b5m, 75 \u00b5m and 53 \u00b5m. Then two extraction methods, namely maceration with methanol and two-step extraction with hexane via Soxhlet followed by ultrasound extraction with methanol, were tested. Total phenolic and total flavonoid contents ranged from 375.0 to 512.9 mg gallic acid\/100 g DW and from 24.7 to 34.6 mg quercetin\/100 g DW, respectively. Two-step extraction provided antioxidant activity up to 418.8 (in FRAP assay) and 340.0 mg Trolox\/100 g DW (in DPPH assay). In order to explore various bioactive properties, this study assessed the inhibitory effects of enzymes, specifically \u03b1-amylase and \u03b2-glucosidase (associated with antidiabetic effects), as well as angiotensin-converting enzyme (linked to potential antihypertensive benefits). Additionally, the research investigated antibacterial potential against both Gram-negative (E. coli) and Gram-positive (S. aureus) bacteria, revealing significant results (p &lt; 0.05), particularly in the case of the two-step extraction method. This investigation underscores the substantial value of certain food industry wastes, highlighting their potential as bioactive ingredients within the framework of a circular economy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12234325","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,29]],"date-time":"2023-11-29T12:01:00Z","timestamp":1701259260000},"page":"4325","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Influence of Particle Size and Extraction Methods on Phenolic Content and Biological Activities of Pear Pomace"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7637-3466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LEAF\u2014Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food Research Center, Associate Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6596-8077","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karolina","family":"Tkacz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fruit, Vegetable and Plant Nutraceutical Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Wroc\u0142aw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 37 Che\u0142mo\u0144skiego Street, 51-630 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3837-6308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Igor Piotr","family":"Turkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fruit, Vegetable and Plant Nutraceutical Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Wroc\u0142aw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 37 Che\u0142mo\u0144skiego Street, 51-630 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}]},{"given":"Maria Isabel","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEAF\u2014Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food Research Center, Associate Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lus\u00f3fona University, 376 Campo Grande, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6564-6839","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriana","family":"Belas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lus\u00f3fona University, 376 Campo Grande, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8251-6286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEAF\u2014Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food Research Center, Associate Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lus\u00f3fona University, 376 Campo Grande, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0067-0691","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aneta","family":"Wojdy\u0142o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fruit, Vegetable and Plant Nutraceutical Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Wroc\u0142aw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 37 Che\u0142mo\u0144skiego Street, 51-630 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9384-7646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEAF\u2014Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food Research Center, Associate Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1097\/NT.0000000000000112","article-title":"Systematic Review of Pears and Health","volume":"50","author":"Reiland","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr. Today"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2023, August 09). FAOSTAT. Available online: https:\/\/www.fao.org\/faostat\/en\/#data\/QCL\/visualize."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ignatia, F., Meivira, K., Kartawiria, I.S., and Gunawan-Puteri, M.D. (2021, January 4\u20135). Review: Nutrient, fiber, and bioactive content of fruit pomace, major by-product of juice industry. Proceedings of the 6th International Conference of Food, Agriculture, and Natural Resource, Virtual Event.","DOI":"10.2991\/absr.k.220101.028"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Malhi, N., Carragher, J., Saarela, M., and Pahl, S. (2021). A Review of Opportunities to Recover Value from Apple and Pear Pomace."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2123","DOI":"10.1080\/10942912.2020.1847144","article-title":"Dried Berry Pomace as a Source of High Value-Added Bioproduct: Drying Kinetics and Bioactive Quality Indices","volume":"23","author":"Ross","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Prop."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"(2023, August 09). Fruit Pomace Market Size, Growth, Forecast. Available online: https:\/\/www.marketdataforecast.com\/market-reports\/fruit-pomace-market."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1007\/s11947-018-2117-2","article-title":"Dietary Fiber Concentrates from Fruit and Vegetable By-Products: Processing, Modification, and Application as Functional Ingredients","volume":"11","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Bioproc. Technol."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"154","article-title":"Characterization of Phenolic Compounds in Different Anatomical Pear (Pyrus communis L.) Parts by Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography Photodiode Detector-Quadrupole\/Time of Flight-Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-PDA-Q\/TOF-MS)","volume":"392","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1007\/s11947-022-02895-0","article-title":"The \u03b1-Amylase and \u03b1-Glucosidase Inhibition Capacity of Grape Pomace: A Review","volume":"16","author":"Lante","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Bioproc. Technol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gra\u00e7a, C., Mota, J., Lima, A., Boavida Ferreira, R., Raymundo, A., and Sousa, I. (2020). Glycemic Response and Bioactive Properties of Gluten-Free Bread with Yoghurt or Curd-Cheese Addition. Foods, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods9101410"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/s13399-019-00424-2","article-title":"Characterization of Walnut, Almond, and Pine Nut Shells Regarding Chemical Composition and Extract Composition","volume":"10","author":"Cardoso","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomass Convers. Biorefin."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nunes, M.C., Fernandes, I., Vasco, I., Sousa, I., and Raymundo, A. (2020). Tetraselmis chuii as a Sustainable and Healthy Ingredient to Produce Gluten-Free Bread: Impact on Structure, Colour and Bioactivity. Foods, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods9050579"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-016-0980-7","article-title":"Screening Microalgae as Potential Sources of Antioxidants","volume":"29","author":"Amaral","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2515690X20935827","DOI":"10.1177\/2515690X20935827","article-title":"Evaluation of In Vivo Antidiabetic, In Vitro \u03b1-Amylase Inhibitory, and In Vitro Antioxidant Activity of Leaves Crude Extract and Solvent Fractions of Bersama abyssinica Fresen (Melianthaceae)","volume":"25","author":"Kifle","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Evid. Based Integr. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wickramaratne, M.N., Punchihewa, J.C., and Wickramaratne, D.B.M. (2016). In-Vitro Alpha Amylase Inhibitory Activity of the Leaf Extracts of Adenanthera pavonina. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-016-1452-y"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8773","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-4020(01)00877-8","article-title":"A Preparation and Screening Strategy for Glycosidase Inhibitors","volume":"57","author":"Hollingsworth","year":"2001","journal-title":"Tetrahedron"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbbm.2003.12.009","article-title":"Modification of the Furanacryloyl-l-Phenylalanylglycylglycine Assay for Determination of Angiotensin-I-Converting Enzyme Inhibitory Activity","volume":"59","author":"Murray","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biochem. Biophys. Methods"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmt.2015.10.001","article-title":"Synergistic Antibacterial Activity of PEGylated Silver\u2013Graphene Quantum Dots Nanocomposites","volume":"1","author":"Habiba","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Mater. Today"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1991","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2012.06.068","article-title":"Water at Room Temperature as a Solvent for the Extraction of Apple Pomace Phenolic Compounds","volume":"135","author":"Reis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Z., Barrow, C.J., Dunshea, F.R., and Suleria, H.A.R. (2021). A Comparative Investigation on Phenolic Composition, Characterization and Antioxidant Potentials of Five Different Australian Grown Pear Varieties. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10020151"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fshw.2015.10.001","article-title":"Functional Properties, Phenolic Constituents and Antioxidant Potential of Industrial Apple Pomace for Utilization as Active Food Ingredient","volume":"4","author":"Rana","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Sci. Hum. Wellness"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Munteanu, I.G., and Apetrei, C. (2021). Analytical Methods Used in Determining Antioxidant Activity: A Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22073380"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.3109\/10715762.2014.996146","article-title":"Advantages and Limitations of Common Testing Methods for Antioxidants","volume":"49","author":"Amorati","year":"2015","journal-title":"Free Radic. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17876","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-95769-y","article-title":"Effect of Particle Size on Phytochemical Composition and Antioxidant Properties of Sargassum Cristaefolium Ethanol Extract","volume":"11","author":"Prasedya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chokki, M., Cud\u0103lbeanu, M., Zongo, C., Dah-Nouvlessounon, D., Ghinea, I.O., Furdui, B., Raclea, R., Savadogo, A., Baba-Moussa, L., and Avamescu, S.M. (2020). Exploring Antioxidant and Enzymes (A-Amylase and B-Glucosidase) Inhibitory Activity of Morinda Lucida and Momordica Charantia Leaves from Benin. Foods, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods9040434"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.2298\/BOTSERB2102203O","article-title":"Traditional Varieties and Wild Pear from Serbia: A Link among Antioxidant, Antidiabetic and Cytotoxic Activities of Fruit Peel and Flesh","volume":"45","author":"Savic","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bot. Serb."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, A.K., Rana, H.K., Singh, V., Chand Yadav, T., VaraDWaj, P., and Pandey, A.K. (2021). Evaluation of Antidiabetic Activity of Dietary Phenolic Compound Chlorogenic Acid in Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Rats: Molecular Docking, Molecular Dynamics, in Silico Toxicity, in Vitro and in Vivo Studies. Comput. Biol. Med., 134.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2021.104462"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dai, J., Hu, Y., Si, Q., Gu, Y., Xiao, Z., Ge, Q., and Sha, R. (2022). Antioxidant and Hypoglycemic Activity of Sequentially Extracted Fractions from Pingguoli Pear Fermentation Broth and Identification of Bioactive Compounds. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27186077"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifset.2011.10.008","article-title":"In Vitro Bioassay Based Screening of Antihyperglycemia and Antihypertensive Activities of Lactobacillus acidophilus Fermented Pear Juice","volume":"13","author":"Ankolekar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Innov. Food Sci. Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnson, S.A., Navaei, N., Pourafshar, S., Akhavan, N.S., Elam, M.L., Foley, E., Clark, E.A., Payton, M.E., and Arjmandi, B.H. (2016). Fresh Pear (Pyrus communis) Consumption May Improve Blood Pressure in Middle-Aged Men and Women with Metabolic Syndrome, Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology (FASEB).","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.30.1_supplement.1175.12"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Breijyeh, Z., Jubeh, B., and Karaman, R. (2020). Resistance of Gram-Negative Bacteria to Current Antibacterial Agents and Approaches to Resolve It. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25061340"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bouarab-Chibane, L., Forquet, V., Lant\u00e9ri, P., Cl\u00e9ment, Y., L\u00e9onard-Akkari, L., Oulahal, N., Degraeve, P., and Bordes, C. (2019). Antibacterial Properties of Polyphenols: Characterization and QSAR (Quantitative Structure\u2013Activity Relationship) Models. Front. Microbiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00829"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2020.07.024","article-title":"Anti-diabetic effects of natural antioxidants from fruits","volume":"117","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hermans, M.P., Lempereur, P., Salembier, J.P., Maes, N., Albert, A., Jansen, O., and Pincemail, J. (2020). Supplementation effect of a combination of olive (Olea europea L.) leaf and fruit extracts in the clinical management of hypertension and metabolic syndrome. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9090872"}],"container-title":["Foods"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/12\/23\/4325\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:34:05Z","timestamp":1760132045000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/12\/23\/4325"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,29]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["foods12234325"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/foods12234325","relation":{},"ISSN":["2304-8158"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2304-8158","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,29]]}}}