{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T04:41:35Z","timestamp":1772080895485,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,26]],"date-time":"2024-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708905600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Invasive listeriosis, due to its severe nature in susceptible populations, has been the focus of many quantitative risk assessment (QRA) models aiming to provide a valuable guide in future risk management efforts. A review of the published QRA models of Listeria monocytogenes in seafood was performed, with the objective of appraising the effectiveness of the control strategies at different points along the food chain. It is worth noting, however, that the outcomes of a QRA model are context-specific, and influenced by the country and target population, the assumptions that are employed, and the model architecture itself. Studies containing QRA models were retrieved through a literature search using properly connected keywords on Scopus and PubMed\u00ae. All 13 QRA models that were recovered were of short scope, covering, at most, the period from the end of processing to consumption; the majority (85%) focused on smoked or gravad fish. Since the modelled pathways commenced with the packaged product, none of the QRA models addressed cross-contamination events. Many models agreed that keeping the product\u2019s temperature at 4.0\u20134.5 \u00b0C leads to greater reductions in the final risk of listeriosis than reducing the shelf life by one week and that the effectiveness of both measures can be surpassed by reducing the initial occurrence of L. monocytogenes in the product (at the end of processing). It is, therefore, necessary that future QRA models for RTE seafood contain a processing module that can provide insight into intervention strategies that can retard L. monocytogenes\u2019 growth, such as the use of bacteriocins, ad hoc starter cultures and\/or organic acids, and other strategies seeking to reduce cross-contamination at the facilities, such as stringent controls for sanitation procedures. Since risk estimates were shown to be moderately driven by growth kinetic parameters, namely, the exponential growth rate, the minimum temperature for growth, and the maximum population density, further work is needed to reduce uncertainties.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13050716","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,26]],"date-time":"2024-02-26T11:31:21Z","timestamp":1708947081000},"page":"716","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["A Critical Review of Risk Assessment Models for Listeria monocytogenes in Seafood"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8462-9775","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ursula","family":"Gonzales-Barron","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regi\u00f5es de Montanha, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3077-7414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vasco","family":"Cadavez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regi\u00f5es de Montanha, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Juliana","family":"De Oliveira Mota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, World Health Organization (WHO), CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7867-2937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laurent","family":"Guillier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Risk Assessment Department, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (Anses), 14 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701 Maisons-Alfort, France"}]},{"given":"Moez","family":"Sanaa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, World Health Organization (WHO), CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA BIOHAZ Panel (2018). Scientific Opinion on the Listeria monocytogenes contamination of ready-to-eat foods and the risk for human health in the EU. EFSA J., 16, 5134.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2018.5134"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"EFSA (2020). The public health risk posed by Listeria monocytogenes in frozen fruit and vegetables including herbs, blanched during processing. EFSA Panel of Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ). EFSA J., 8, 6092."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA and ECDC (European Food Safety Authority and European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control) (2023). The European Union One Health 2022 Zoonoses Report. EFSA J., 21, e8442.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2023.8442"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"ECDC (2022, June 15). Surveillance and Disease Data for Listeriosis. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Available online: https:\/\/www.ecdc.europa.eu\/en\/all-topics-z\/listeriosis\/surveillance-and-disease-data\/eu-summary-reports."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"NORS (2022, June 15). National Outbreak Reporting System Dashboard. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID), Available online: https:\/\/wwwn.cdc.gov\/norsdashboard\/."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"FDA-FSIS (2003). Quantitative Assessment of Relative Risk to Public Health from Foodborne Listeria monocytogenes among Selected Categories of Ready-to-Eat Foods."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mran.2020.100128","article-title":"Risk factors for sporadic listeriosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Leclercq","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microb. Risk Anal."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonzales-Barron, U., Cadavez, V., Guillier, L., and Sanaa, M. (2023). A critical review of risk assessment models for Listeria monocytogenes in dairy products. Foods, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12244436"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1539-6924.2007.00921.x","article-title":"Quantitative risk assessment of Listeria monocytogenes in French cold-smoked salmon: I. Quantitative exposure assessment","volume":"27","author":"Pouillot","year":"2007","journal-title":"Risk Anal."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1539-6924.2008.01200.x","article-title":"Quantitative risk assessment of Listeria monocytogenes in French cold-smoked salmon: II. Risk characterization","volume":"29","author":"Pouillot","year":"2009","journal-title":"Risk Anal."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mran.2018.06.003","article-title":"Next generation quantitative microbiological risk assessment: Refinement of the cold smoked salmon-related listeriosis risk model by integrating genomic data","volume":"10","author":"Fritsch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microb. Risk Anal."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.4315\/JFP-22-025","article-title":"Development of a modeling tool to assess ad reduce regulatory ad recall risks for cold-smoked salmon due to Listeria monocytogenes contamination","volume":"85","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"EN-1252","article-title":"Closing gaps for performing a risk assessment on Listeria monocytogenes in ready-to-eat (RTE) foods: Activity 2, a quantitative risk characterization on L. monocytogenes in RTE foods; starting from the retail stage","volume":"2017","author":"Carrasco","year":"2017","journal-title":"EFSA Support. Publ."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1605(00)00272-5","article-title":"Quantitative risk assessment for Listeria monocytogenes in smoked or gravad salmon and rainbow trout in Sweden","volume":"58","author":"Lindqvist","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"FAO\/WHO (2004). Risk Assessment of Listeria monocytogenes in Ready-to-Eat Foods, World Health Organization and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Technical Report."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2009.05.019","article-title":"Listeriosis risk assessment: Simulation modelling and \u201cwhat if\u201d scenarios applied to consumption of ready-to-eat products in a Spanish population","volume":"21","author":"Garrido","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"PI563","article-title":"Quantitative microbial risk assessment for Listeria monocytogenes in cold smoked salmon","volume":"43","author":"Gospavic","year":"2010","journal-title":"WIT Trans. Inf. Commun. Technol."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Dass, S. (2011). Exposure Assessment of Listeria monocytogenes in Vacuum Packed Cold-Smoked Salmon in the Republic of Ireland. [Ph.D. Thesis, Technological University Dublin]."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Bomfeh, K. (2011). Risk Assessment for Listeria monocytogenes in Traditionally Processed Fish from Informal Markets in Accra and Tema. [Master\u2019s Thesis, University of Ghana]."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.04.007","article-title":"Listeria monocytogenes risk assessment on cold smoked and salt-cured fishery products in Finland\u2014A repeated exposure model","volume":"304","author":"Pasonen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.12235","article-title":"Listeria monocytogenes dose response revisited\u2014incorporating adjustments for variability in strain virulence and host susceptibility","volume":"35","author":"Pouillot","year":"2015","journal-title":"Risk Anal."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-60.8.918","article-title":"An approach for using epidemiologic and microbial food survey data to develop a \u201cpurposefully conservative\u201d estimate of the dose-response relationship between Listeria monocytogenes levels and the incidence of foodborne listeriosis","volume":"60","author":"Buchanan","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010080428554","article-title":"Development and validation of dose-response relationship for Listeria monocytogenes","volume":"1","author":"Haas","year":"1999","journal-title":"Quant. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-1605(96)01107-5","article-title":"Health risk assessment of Listeria monocytogenes in Canada","volume":"30","author":"Farber","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.12092","article-title":"Listeria monocytogenes in aquatic food products\u2014A review","volume":"13","author":"Jami","year":"2014","journal-title":"Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2022.2063075","article-title":"Invasive listeriosis outbreaks and salmon products: A genomic, epidemiological study","volume":"11","author":"Lachman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2093","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-15-121","article-title":"Prevalence of foodborne pathogens in freshwater fish in Latvia","volume":"78","author":"Terentjeva","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1605(99)00019-7","article-title":"Occurrence and typing of Listeria monocytogenes strains in retail vacuum-packed fish products and in a production plant","volume":"47","author":"Johansson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.12052","article-title":"Listeria monocytogenes in vacuum-packed smoked fish products: Occurrence, routes of contamination and potential intervention measures","volume":"13","author":"Tocmo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-58.5.502","article-title":"Incidences and sources of Listeria monocytogenes in cold-smoked fishery products and processing plants","volume":"58","author":"Eklund","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2010.02.007","article-title":"Prevalence and contamination patterns of Listeria monocytogenes in catfish processing environment and fresh fillets","volume":"27","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2008.01.010","article-title":"Influence of processing steps in cold-smoked salmon production on survival and growth of persistent and presumed non-persistent Listeria monocytogenes","volume":"122","author":"Porsby","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-68.1.85","article-title":"Effect of salting and cold-smoking process on the culturability, viability and virulence of Listeria monocytogenes strain Scott A","volume":"68","author":"Neunlist","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.06.017","article-title":"Modelling transfer of Listeria monocytogenes during slicing of \u2018gravad\u2019 salmon","volume":"118","author":"Aarnisalo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-1605(94)00080-P","article-title":"Contamination pattern of Listeria monocytogenes and other Listeria spp. in a salmon slaughterhouse and smoked salmon processing plant","volume":"25","author":"Rorvik","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1590\/S1517-83822008000200032","article-title":"Epidemiological survey of Listeria monocytogenes in a gravlax salmon processing line","volume":"39","author":"Cruz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2062","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-66.11.2062","article-title":"Persistent and nonpersistent Listeria monocytogenes contamination in meat and poultry processing plants","volume":"66","author":"Autio","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.06.016","article-title":"Longitudinal study on the sources of Listeria monocytogenes contamination in cold-smoked salmon and its processing environment in Italy","volume":"158","author":"Meloni","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.65.1.150-155.1999","article-title":"Sources of Listeria monocytogenes contamination in a cold-smoked rainbow trout processing plant detected by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis typing","volume":"65","author":"Autio","year":"1999","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2586","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.67.6.2586-2595.2001","article-title":"Elucidation of Listeria monocytogenes contamination routes in cold-smoked salmon processing plants detected by DNA-based typing methods","volume":"67","author":"Vogel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1080\/09603120400012843","article-title":"Longitudinal studies on Listeria monocytogenes and other Listeria species in two salmon processing plants","volume":"15","author":"Klaeboe","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Health Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-69.4.835","article-title":"Molecular typing to trace Listeria monocytogenes isolated from cold-smoked fish to a contamination source in a processing plant","volume":"69","author":"Nakamura","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-67.2.328","article-title":"Tracking of Listeria monocytogenes in smoked fish processing plants","volume":"67","author":"Thimothe","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2123","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-69.9.2123","article-title":"Daily variability of Listeria contamination patterns in a cold-smoked salmon processing operation","volume":"69","author":"Hu","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100834","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cofs.2022.100834","article-title":"Towards efficient use of data, models and tools in food microbiology","volume":"46","author":"Filter","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Food Sci."}],"container-title":["Foods"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/13\/5\/716\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:05:19Z","timestamp":1760105119000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/13\/5\/716"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,26]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["foods13050716"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/foods13050716","relation":{},"ISSN":["2304-8158"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2304-8158","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,26]]}}}