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Tecnologia","award":["LA\/P\/0094\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0094\/2020"]}]},{"name":"CESAM by FCT\/MCTES","award":["PTDC\/SAU-PUB\/32587\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/SAU-PUB\/32587\/2017"]}]},{"name":"CESAM by FCT\/MCTES","award":["PTDC\/SAU-PUB\/29481\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/SAU-PUB\/29481\/2017"]}]},{"name":"CESAM by FCT\/MCTES","award":["UIDB\/00009\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00009\/2020"]}]},{"name":"CESAM by FCT\/MCTES","award":["UIDP\/00009\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00009\/2020"]}]},{"name":"CESAM by FCT\/MCTES","award":["2020.07168.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.07168.BD"]}]},{"name":"CESAM by FCT\/MCTES","award":["UIDP\/50017\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50017\/2020"]}]},{"name":"CESAM by FCT\/MCTES","award":["UIDB\/50017\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50017\/2020"]}]},{"name":"CESAM by FCT\/MCTES","award":["LA\/P\/0094\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0094\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Considering the increase in the production and use of nanomaterials (NM) in food\/feed and food contact materials, novel strategies for efficient and sustainable hazard characterization, especially in the early stages of NM development, have been proposed. Some of these strategies encompass the utilization of in vitro simulated digestion prior to cytotoxic and genotoxic assessment. This entails exposing NM to fluids that replicate the three successive phases of digestion: oral, gastric, and intestinal. Subsequently, the resulting digestion products are added to models of intestinal cells to conduct toxicological assays, analyzing multiple endpoints. Nonetheless, exposure of intestinal cells to the digested products may induce cytotoxicity effects, thereby posing a challenge to this strategy. The aim of this work was to describe the challenges encountered with the in vitro digestion INFOGEST 2.0 protocol when using the digestion product in toxicological studies of NM, and the adjustments implemented to enable its use in subsequent in vitro biological assays with intestinal cell models. The adaptation of the digestion fluids, in particular the reduction of the final bile concentration, resulted in a reduced toxic impact of digestion products.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13111690","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]],"date-time":"2024-05-28T05:19:49Z","timestamp":1716873589000},"page":"1690","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Challenges of the Application of In Vitro Digestion for Nanomaterials Safety Assessment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"N\u00e1dia","family":"Vital","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Department of Human Genetics, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health (ToxOmics), NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana Catarina","family":"Gramacho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Department of Human Genetics, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6195-0833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mafalda","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Department of Food and Nutrition, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"REQUIMTE\/LAQV, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Department of Human Genetics, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8396-1357","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula","family":"Alvito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Department of Food and Nutrition, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"CESAM\u2014Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1362-0076","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michel","family":"Kranendonk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health (ToxOmics), NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6060-0716","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Jo\u00e3o","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Department of Human Genetics, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health (ToxOmics), NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9744-7332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henriqueta","family":"Louro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Department of Human Genetics, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health (ToxOmics), NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Flavourings (FAF), Younes, M., Aquilina, G., Castle, L., Engel, K.H., Fowler, P., Frutos Fernandez, M.J., F\u00fcrst, P., Gundert-Remy, U., and G\u00fcrtler, R. 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