{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T06:56:08Z","timestamp":1771052168318,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,24]],"date-time":"2024-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729728000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Vine &amp; Wine Portugal-Driving Sustainable Growth","award":["67"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["67"]}]},{"name":"Vine &amp; Wine Portugal-Driving Sustainable Growth","award":["UIDB\/00616\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00616\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Vine &amp; Wine Portugal-Driving Sustainable Growth","award":["UIDP\/00616\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00616\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Vine &amp; Wine Portugal-Driving Sustainable Growth","award":["UIDB\/04621\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04621\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Vine &amp; Wine Portugal-Driving Sustainable Growth","award":["UIDP\/04621\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04621\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Vine &amp; Wine Portugal-Driving Sustainable Growth","award":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Vine &amp; Wine Portugal-Driving Sustainable Growth","award":["UI\/BD\/150728\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UI\/BD\/150728\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Vine &amp; Wine Portugal-Driving Sustainable Growth","award":["PD\/00122\/2012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PD\/00122\/2012"]}]},{"name":"NextGenerationEU","award":["67"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["67"]}]},{"name":"NextGenerationEU","award":["UIDB\/00616\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00616\/2020"]}]},{"name":"NextGenerationEU","award":["UIDP\/00616\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00616\/2020"]}]},{"name":"NextGenerationEU","award":["UIDB\/04621\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04621\/2020"]}]},{"name":"NextGenerationEU","award":["UIDP\/04621\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04621\/2020"]}]},{"name":"NextGenerationEU","award":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"]}]},{"name":"NextGenerationEU","award":["UI\/BD\/150728\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UI\/BD\/150728\/2020"]}]},{"name":"NextGenerationEU","award":["PD\/00122\/2012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PD\/00122\/2012"]}]},{"name":"CQ-VR","award":["67"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["67"]}]},{"name":"CQ-VR","award":["UIDB\/00616\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00616\/2020"]}]},{"name":"CQ-VR","award":["UIDP\/00616\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00616\/2020"]}]},{"name":"CQ-VR","award":["UIDB\/04621\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04621\/2020"]}]},{"name":"CQ-VR","award":["UIDP\/04621\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04621\/2020"]}]},{"name":"CQ-VR","award":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"]}]},{"name":"CQ-VR","award":["UI\/BD\/150728\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UI\/BD\/150728\/2020"]}]},{"name":"CQ-VR","award":["PD\/00122\/2012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PD\/00122\/2012"]}]},{"name":"CEMAT\/IST-ID","award":["67"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["67"]}]},{"name":"CEMAT\/IST-ID","award":["UIDB\/00616\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00616\/2020"]}]},{"name":"CEMAT\/IST-ID","award":["UIDP\/00616\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00616\/2020"]}]},{"name":"CEMAT\/IST-ID","award":["UIDB\/04621\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04621\/2020"]}]},{"name":"CEMAT\/IST-ID","award":["UIDP\/04621\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04621\/2020"]}]},{"name":"CEMAT\/IST-ID","award":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"]}]},{"name":"CEMAT\/IST-ID","award":["UI\/BD\/150728\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UI\/BD\/150728\/2020"]}]},{"name":"CEMAT\/IST-ID","award":["PD\/00122\/2012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PD\/00122\/2012"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"CITAB","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["67"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["67"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"CITAB","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/00616\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00616\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"CITAB","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/00616\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00616\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"CITAB","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04621\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04621\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"CITAB","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/04621\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04621\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"CITAB","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"CITAB","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UI\/BD\/150728\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UI\/BD\/150728\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"CITAB","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PD\/00122\/2012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PD\/00122\/2012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Portugal","award":["67"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["67"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Portugal","award":["UIDB\/00616\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00616\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Portugal","award":["UIDP\/00616\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00616\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Portugal","award":["UIDB\/04621\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04621\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Portugal","award":["UIDP\/04621\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04621\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Portugal","award":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Portugal","award":["UI\/BD\/150728\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UI\/BD\/150728\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Portugal","award":["PD\/00122\/2012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PD\/00122\/2012"]}]},{"name":"COMPETE","award":["67"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["67"]}]},{"name":"COMPETE","award":["UIDB\/00616\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00616\/2020"]}]},{"name":"COMPETE","award":["UIDP\/00616\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00616\/2020"]}]},{"name":"COMPETE","award":["UIDB\/04621\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04621\/2020"]}]},{"name":"COMPETE","award":["UIDP\/04621\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04621\/2020"]}]},{"name":"COMPETE","award":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"]}]},{"name":"COMPETE","award":["UI\/BD\/150728\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UI\/BD\/150728\/2020"]}]},{"name":"COMPETE","award":["PD\/00122\/2012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PD\/00122\/2012"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["67"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["67"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UIDB\/00616\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00616\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UIDP\/00616\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00616\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UIDB\/04621\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04621\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UIDP\/04621\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04621\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UI\/BD\/150728\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UI\/BD\/150728\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["PD\/00122\/2012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PD\/00122\/2012"]}]},{"name":"Doctoral Program \u201cAgricultural Production Chains\u2014from Fork to Farm\u201d","award":["67"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["67"]}]},{"name":"Doctoral Program \u201cAgricultural Production Chains\u2014from Fork to Farm\u201d","award":["UIDB\/00616\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00616\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Doctoral Program \u201cAgricultural Production Chains\u2014from Fork to Farm\u201d","award":["UIDP\/00616\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00616\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Doctoral Program \u201cAgricultural Production Chains\u2014from Fork to Farm\u201d","award":["UIDB\/04621\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04621\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Doctoral Program \u201cAgricultural Production Chains\u2014from Fork to Farm\u201d","award":["UIDP\/04621\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04621\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Doctoral Program \u201cAgricultural Production Chains\u2014from Fork to Farm\u201d","award":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Doctoral Program \u201cAgricultural Production Chains\u2014from Fork to Farm\u201d","award":["UI\/BD\/150728\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UI\/BD\/150728\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Doctoral Program \u201cAgricultural Production Chains\u2014from Fork to Farm\u201d","award":["PD\/00122\/2012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PD\/00122\/2012"]}]},{"name":"European Social Funds and the Regional Operational Program Norte 2020","award":["67"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["67"]}]},{"name":"European Social Funds and the Regional Operational Program Norte 2020","award":["UIDB\/00616\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00616\/2020"]}]},{"name":"European Social Funds and the Regional Operational Program Norte 2020","award":["UIDP\/00616\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00616\/2020"]}]},{"name":"European Social Funds and the Regional Operational Program Norte 2020","award":["UIDB\/04621\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04621\/2020"]}]},{"name":"European Social Funds and the Regional Operational Program Norte 2020","award":["UIDP\/04621\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04621\/2020"]}]},{"name":"European Social Funds and the Regional Operational Program Norte 2020","award":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"]}]},{"name":"European Social Funds and the Regional Operational Program Norte 2020","award":["UI\/BD\/150728\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UI\/BD\/150728\/2020"]}]},{"name":"European Social Funds and the Regional Operational Program Norte 2020","award":["PD\/00122\/2012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PD\/00122\/2012"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wine vinegar, valued for its ancient origins and culinary versatility, has garnered scientific interest due to its complex composition and potential health benefits. This study aims to explore the nutritional and bioactive properties of different wine vinegars, focusing on their amino acid content, particularly tryptophan-derived molecules such as serotonin and melatonin. White wine vinegar, red wine vinegar, port wine vinegar, and balsamic vinegar from the Douro and Rioja regions were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography and solid-phase extraction (HPLC-SPE). The study examined the amino acid profiles and the presence of serotonin and melatonin across the samples. The analysis revealed the presence of significant bioactive amino acids, including arginine (found in sample 059 at 61.21 mmol\/L), alanine (in a concentration of 30.33 mmol\/L in sample 209), and threonine (sample 336 presented the highest concentration\u201471.47 mmol\/L), which have been linked to cardiovascular health, immune system support, and mucosal regulation. The amino acid content varied among the vinegar types, with slower acetification and prolonged aging reducing their concentrations. Tryptophan was mainly found in sample 059 (30.54 mmol\/L). These findings, with their potential to influence the scientific community\u2019s understanding of the health-promoting properties of wine vinegar, particularly its amino acid content and the potential influence of production processes on bioactive molecules, are of great interest.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13213384","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,24]],"date-time":"2024-10-24T09:11:47Z","timestamp":1729761107000},"page":"3384","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A Comprehensive Study on the Amino Acids and Tryptophan-Derived Molecules in Iberian Wine Vinegar"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Catarina","family":"Marques","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CITAB, Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences and Inov4Agro, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1121-2792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisete","family":"Correia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Computational and Stochastic Mathematics (CEMAT), Department of Mathematics, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Apt. 1013, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6291-8413","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfredo","family":"Aires","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CITAB, Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences and Inov4Agro, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9612-0909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lia-T\u00e2nia","family":"Dinis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CITAB, Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences and Inov4Agro, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1615-2418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alice","family":"Vilela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CQ-VR, Chemistry Research Center, Department of Agronomy, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2019.103681","article-title":"Nutrients and bioactive components from vinegar: A fermented and functional food","volume":"64","author":"Xia","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2011.08.023","article-title":"Bioactive compounds in wine: Resveratrol. hydroxytyrosol and melatonin. A review","volume":"130","author":"Mateos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cofs.2016.03.001","article-title":"Therapeutic effects of vinegar: A review","volume":"8","author":"Samad","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2021.11.014","article-title":"Fermented products and bioactive food compounds as a tool to activate autophagy and promote the maintenance of the intestinal barrier function","volume":"118","author":"Kocot","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4722","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2021-21484","article-title":"Invited Review: Potential effects of short- and long-term intake of fermented dairy products on prevention and control of type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"105","author":"Awwad","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.afnr.2017.12.003","article-title":"Chapter Five\u2014Effects of \u03b2-Alanine Supplementation on Carnosine Elevation and Physiological Performance","volume":"Volume 84","year":"2018","journal-title":"Advances in Food and Nutrition Research"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marhuenda, J., Villa\u00f1o, D., Arcusa, R., and Zafrilla, P. (2021). Melatonin in wine and beer: Beneficial effects. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26020343"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s12970-015-0090-y","article-title":"International society of sports nutrition position stand: Beta-Alanine","volume":"12","author":"Trexler","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1002\/jssc.200700458","article-title":"HPLC-F analysis of melatonin and resveratrol isomers in wine using an SPE procedure","volume":"31","author":"Mercolini","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Sep. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2011.00967.x","article-title":"Content of melatonin and other antioxidants in grape-related foodstuffs: Measurement using a MEPS-HPLC-F method","volume":"53","author":"Mercolini","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2011.11.021","article-title":"Analysis of indole compounds in edible Basidiomycota species after thermal processing","volume":"132","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.32794\/mr11250053","article-title":"Melatonin in yeast and fermented beverages: Analytical tools for detection. physiological role and biosynthesis","volume":"3","author":"Bisquert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Melatonin Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1186\/2193-1801-2-691","article-title":"Distribution of D-amino acids in vinegars and involvement of lactic acid bacteria in the production of D-amino acids","volume":"27","author":"Mutaguchi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Springerplus"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3762","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.7566","article-title":"Discrimination of some European vinegars with protected denomination of origin as a function of their amino acid and biogenic amine content","volume":"96","author":"Chinnici","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27254","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.0c03463","article-title":"Assessment of melatonin and its precursors content by a HPLC-MS\/ MS method from different Romanian wines","volume":"5","author":"Albu","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2010.12.009","article-title":"Melatonin: A new bioactive compound in wine","volume":"24","author":"Troncoso","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Food Compos. Anal."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vilela, A. (2023). Microbial Dynamics in Sour\u2013Sweet Wine Vinegar: Impacts on Chemical and Sensory Composition. Appl. Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/app13137366"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Botelho, R.V., and Jord\u00e3o, A.M. (2021). Overview of the Recent Innovations in Vitis Products. Vitis Products Composition, Health Benefits and Economic Valorization, Nova Science Publishers. Chapter 4, pp. 132\u2013178."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/s00217-007-0697-6","article-title":"HPLC determination of amino acids with AQC derivatization in vinegars along submerged and surface acetifications and its relation to the microbiota","volume":"227","author":"Tesfaye","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. Food Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/S1043-4526(09)58004-7","article-title":"Technological and microbiological aspects of traditional balsamic vinegar and their influence on quality and sensorial properties","volume":"58","author":"Giudici","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adv Food Nutr Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.11.076","article-title":"Acetic acid bacteria in traditional balsamic vinegar: Phenotypic traits relevant for starter cultures selection","volume":"125","author":"Gullo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"317","article-title":"Characterisation of Balsamic vinegars by amino acid content using a multivariate statistical approach","volume":"12","author":"Stancher","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ital. J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramawat, N., and Bhardwaj, V. (2022). Protein Hydrolysates as Biostimulants of Plant Growth and Development. Biostimulants: Exploring Sources and Applications. Plant Life and Environment Dynamics, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-16-7080-0"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1007\/s11947-022-02971-5","article-title":"Enzymatic Modification of Plant Proteins for Improved Functional and Bioactive Properties","volume":"16","author":"Olatunde","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Bioprocess Technol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olson, R., Gavin-Smith, B., Ferraboschi, C., and Kraemer, K. (2021). Food Fortification: The Advantages, Disadvantages and Lessons from Sight and Life Programs. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13041118"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nugrahadi, P.P., Hinrichs, W.L.J., Frijlink, H.W., Sch\u00f6neich, C., and Avanti, C. (2023). Designing Formulation Strategies for Enhanced Stability of Therapeutic Peptides in Aqueous Solutions: A Review. Pharmaceutics, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15030935"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fochx.2024.101240","article-title":"The application of encapsulation technology in the food Industry: Classifications, recent Advances, and perspectives","volume":"21","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Chem. X"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma, R., Garg, P., Kumar, P., Bhatia, S.K., and Kulshrestha, S. (2020). Microbial Fermentation and Its Role in Quality Improvement of Fermented Foods. Fermentation, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/fermentation6040106"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R757","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.12434","article-title":"Functional properties of vinegar","volume":"79","author":"Budak","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.3389\/fsufs.2019.00027","article-title":"Lysine Supply Is a Critical Factor in Achieving Sustainable Global Protein Economy","volume":"3","author":"Leinonen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Sustain. Food Syst."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mirmiran, P., Bahadoran, Z., Ghasemi, A., and Azizi, F. (2016). The Association of Dietary l-Arginine Intake and Serum Nitric Oxide Metabolites in Adults: A Population-Based Study. Nutrients, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8050311"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7031426","article-title":"Arginine and citrulline and the immune response in sepsis","volume":"7","author":"Wijnands","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsxm.2018.12.002","article-title":"The Potential Role of Arginine Supplements on Erectile Dysfunction: A Systemic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"16","author":"Rhim","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Sex. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2007.11.003","article-title":"Variation in L-arginine intake follow demographics and lifestyle factors that may impact cardiovascular disease risk","volume":"28","author":"King","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2652S","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.115.228478","article-title":"Proposals for Upper Limits of Safe Intake for Arginine and Tryptophan in Young Adults and an Upper Limit of Safe Intake for Leucine in the Elderly","volume":"146","author":"Cynober","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pex394","article-title":"Threonine. arginine. and glutamine: Influences on intestinal physiology. immunology. and microbiology in broilers","volume":"97","author":"Bortoluzzi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.2000.4132","article-title":"Three-Dimensional Collagen Regulates Collagen Gene Expression by a Mechanism That Requires Serine\/Threonine Kinases and Is Independent of Mechanical Contraction","volume":"280","author":"Broberg","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, J., Batra, S., and Zhang, J. (2021). Asparagine: A Metabolite to Be Targeted in Cancers. Metabolites, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo11060402"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2021.08.011","article-title":"Dietary serine supplementation: Friend or foe?","volume":"61","author":"Jingwen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2019.05.008","article-title":"Vinegar (acetic acid) intake on glucose metabolism: A narrative review","volume":"32","author":"Santos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. ESPEN"},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"FAO\/WHO (Food and Agriculture Organization\/World Health Organization) (1973). Energy and Protein Requirements. Report of a Joint FAO\/WHO Ad Hoc Expert Committee, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7057","DOI":"10.1021\/jf800706g","article-title":"Molecular Size and Molecular Size Distribution Affecting Traditional Balsamic Vinegar Aging","volume":"56","author":"Falcone","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marques, C., Dinis, L.-T., Santos, M.J., Mota, J., and Vilela, A. (2023). Beyond the bottle: Exploring health-promoting compounds in wine and wine-related products\u2014Extraction, detection, quantification, aroma properties, and terroir effects. Foods, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12234277"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Finch, H.J.S., Samuel, A.M., and Lane, G.P.F. (2014). 3\u2014Soils and soil management. Woodhead Publishing Series in Food Science, Technology and Nutrition, Woodhead Publishing. [9th ed.]. Lockhart & Wiseman\u2019s Crop Husbandry Including Grassland.","DOI":"10.1533\/9781782423928.1.37"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2021.105309","article-title":"Serotonin and systemic sclerosis. An emerging player in pathogenesis","volume":"89","author":"Sagonas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Jt. Bone Spine"}],"container-title":["Foods"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/13\/21\/3384\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:19:39Z","timestamp":1760113179000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/13\/21\/3384"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,24]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}},"alternative-id":["foods13213384"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/foods13213384","relation":{},"ISSN":["2304-8158"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2304-8158","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,24]]}}}