{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T16:00:50Z","timestamp":1770912050861,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,23]],"date-time":"2024-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Polish National Science Center","award":["2023\/07\/X\/NZ9\/01113"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023\/07\/X\/NZ9\/01113"]}]},{"name":"Polish National Science Center","award":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese government through The Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT\/MCTES)","award":["2023\/07\/X\/NZ9\/01113"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023\/07\/X\/NZ9\/01113"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese government through The Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT\/MCTES)","award":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The occurrence of carbonyl compounds and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in adult formulas is a critical issue in product safety and quality. This research manuscript reports the determination of targeted and untargeted carbonyl compounds and VOCs in adult formulas stored at different temperatures (room temperature, 4 \u00b0C, and 60 \u00b0C) over one month. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was utilized for the sample analysis. Ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid\u2013liquid microextraction at 60 \u00b0C for 20 min facilitated the extraction of six carbonyl compounds, while headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) was employed for the determination of untargeted VOCs using a DVB\/CAR\/PDMS fiber, involving 15 min of equilibration and 45 min of extraction at 40 \u00b0C with magnetic stirring. Analytical features of the methods were assessed according to Food and Drug Administration guidelines, and good limits of detection and quantitation, linearity, accuracy, and precision were achieved. Notably, the highest levels of carbonyl compounds were found in high-protein formulas, with quantifiable levels of malondialdehyde, acrolein, and formaldehyde detected and quantified in 80% of samples. Additionally, significant levels of VOCs such as hexanal and 2-heptanone were found in samples stored at elevated temperatures. These findings suggest the importance of protein content and storage conditions in the levels of carbonyl compounds and VOCs found in adult formulas, with implications for consumer safety and quality control.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13233752","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]],"date-time":"2024-11-25T06:25:19Z","timestamp":1732515919000},"page":"3752","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Assessment of Lipid Peroxidation Products in Adult Formulas: GC-MS Determination of Carbonyl and Volatile Compounds Under Different Storage Conditions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8647-1123","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge Antonio","family":"Custodio-Mendoza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Technique and Food Development, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW), 02-776 Warszawa, Poland"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Rangel Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Associado para a Qu\u00edmica Verde (REQUIMTE\/LAQV)\u2014Departamento de Qu\u00edmica e Bioqu\u00edmica, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade do Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1544-5251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcin A.","family":"Kurek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Technique and Food Development, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW), 02-776 Warszawa, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8168-2485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo Joaquim","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Associado para a Qu\u00edmica Verde (REQUIMTE\/LAQV)\u2014Departamento de Qu\u00edmica e Bioqu\u00edmica, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade do Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4182-4431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Rodrigo","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Associado para a Qu\u00edmica Verde (REQUIMTE\/LAQV)\u2014Departamento de Qu\u00edmica e Bioqu\u00edmica, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade do Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3950-528X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Associado para a Qu\u00edmica Verde (REQUIMTE\/LAQV)\u2014Departamento de Qu\u00edmica e Bioqu\u00edmica, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade do Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5609-9690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonia Mar\u00eda","family":"Carro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"},{"name":"Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Materiais (iMATUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1177\/0884533615594012","article-title":"Enteral nutrition for adults in the hospital setting","volume":"30","author":"Kozeniecki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr. 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