{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T05:40:33Z","timestamp":1778218833408,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,2]],"date-time":"2025-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735776000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["UIDB\/04567\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04567\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["UIDP\/04567\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04567\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Brewers\u2019 spent grain (BSG), the major by-product of the brewery industry, has high nutritional value, making it suitable for upcycling into products such as healthy, and sustainable cookies. Nonetheless, the incorporation of BSG in cookies can impact their quality, given the increased fiber and protein content. This work explored the effect of replacing wheat flour with BSG at 50% and 75% in cookie formulations, focusing on physical, chemical, and sensory properties. The dietary fiber, lipid, and protein content of cookies improved considerably with the highest incorporation of BSG, increasing from 6.37% to 15.54%, 9.95% to 13.06%, and 9.59% to 12.29%, respectively. Conversely, moisture and water activity decreased from 11.03% to 3.37% and 0.742 to 0.506, respectively, forecasting a lower risk of microbial contamination and increased shelf-life. The incorporation of BSG in cookies resulted in decreased brightness and increased hardness, from 40 N to 97 N. Moreover, colorimetric shifts among the control cookies and the two BSG-rich formulations could be easily identified by an untrained observer. Sensory evaluation showed that cookies with 50% BSG retained acceptable sensory characteristics, suggesting potential for further development. Overall, BSG enhances the nutritional profile of cookies with no excessive detrimental impact on sensory features.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods14010095","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,2]],"date-time":"2025-01-02T12:51:24Z","timestamp":1735822284000},"page":"95","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Assessing the Potential of Brewer\u2019s Spent Grain to Enhance Cookie Physicochemical and Nutritional Profiles"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2490-2522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marisa","family":"Nicolai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CBIOS\u2014Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Universidade Lus\u00f3fona, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1914-8879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria L\u00eddia","family":"Palma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CBIOS\u2014Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Universidade Lus\u00f3fona, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EPCV, School of Psycology and Life Science, Department of Live Sciences, Universidade Lus\u00f3fona, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"R\u00faben","family":"Amaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EPCV, School of Psycology and Life Science, Department of Live Sciences, Universidade Lus\u00f3fona, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0505-1443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaime","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INIAV\u2014Instituto Nacional de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Agr\u00e1ria e Veterin\u00e1ria, Unidade de Tecnologia e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5814-0490","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elsa M.","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INIAV\u2014Instituto Nacional de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Agr\u00e1ria e Veterin\u00e1ria, Unidade de Tecnologia e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal"},{"name":"GeoBioTec\u2014Geobioci\u00eancias, Geoengenharias e Geotecnologias, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1708-3645","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mafalda","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INIAV\u2014Instituto Nacional de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Agr\u00e1ria e Veterin\u00e1ria, Unidade de Tecnologia e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8683-6217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuela","family":"Lageiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INIAV\u2014Instituto Nacional de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Agr\u00e1ria e Veterin\u00e1ria, Unidade de Tecnologia e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal"},{"name":"GeoBioTec\u2014Geobioci\u00eancias, Geoengenharias e Geotecnologias, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ad\u00edlia","family":"Charmier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BioRG\u2014Bioengineering and Sustainability Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, Universidade Lus\u00f3fona, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3959-2993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabete","family":"Maur\u00edcio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CBIOS\u2014Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Universidade Lus\u00f3fona, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"BioRG\u2014Bioengineering and Sustainability Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, Universidade Lus\u00f3fona, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1760-6899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patr\u00edcia","family":"Branco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BioRG\u2014Bioengineering and Sustainability Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, Universidade Lus\u00f3fona, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"LEAF\u2014Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food Research Center, Associate Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5215-7120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla","family":"Palma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Hidrogr\u00e1fico, Rua das Trinas 49, 1249-093 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Joaquim","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BioRG\u2014Bioengineering and Sustainability Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, Universidade Lus\u00f3fona, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1281-8606","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Cristiana","family":"Nunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEAF\u2014Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food Research Center, Associate Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0271-7796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro C. B.","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BioRG\u2014Bioengineering and Sustainability Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, Universidade Lus\u00f3fona, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"iBB\u2014Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico (IST), Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory i4HB\u2014Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6893-6812","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CBIOS\u2014Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Universidade Lus\u00f3fona, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"EPCV, School of Psycology and Life Science, Department of Live Sciences, Universidade Lus\u00f3fona, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"CERENA Center for Natural Resources and Environment, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico (IST), Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ra\u021bu, R.N., Vele\u0219cu, I.D., Stoica, F., Usturoi, A., Arsenoaia, V.N., Crivei, I.C., Postolache, A.N., Lip\u0219a, F.D., Filipov, F., and Florea, A.M. (2023). 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