{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T11:18:46Z","timestamp":1777375126251,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":162,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]],"date-time":"2025-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753142400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, I.P.","award":["2022.13225.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022.13225.BD"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, I.P.","award":["UIDB\/04129\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04129\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, I.P.","award":["UIDB\/04292\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04292\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, I.P.","award":["LA\/P\/0069\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0069\/2020"]}]},{"name":"LEAF\u2014Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food Research Center","award":["2022.13225.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022.13225.BD"]}]},{"name":"LEAF\u2014Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food Research Center","award":["UIDB\/04129\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04129\/2020"]}]},{"name":"LEAF\u2014Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food Research Center","award":["UIDB\/04292\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04292\/2020"]}]},{"name":"LEAF\u2014Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food Research Center","award":["LA\/P\/0069\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0069\/2020"]}]},{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre","award":["2022.13225.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022.13225.BD"]}]},{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre","award":["UIDB\/04129\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04129\/2020"]}]},{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre","award":["UIDB\/04292\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04292\/2020"]}]},{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre","award":["LA\/P\/0069\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0069\/2020"]}]},{"name":"ARNET\u2014Aquatic Research Network","award":["2022.13225.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022.13225.BD"]}]},{"name":"ARNET\u2014Aquatic Research Network","award":["UIDB\/04129\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04129\/2020"]}]},{"name":"ARNET\u2014Aquatic Research Network","award":["UIDB\/04292\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04292\/2020"]}]},{"name":"ARNET\u2014Aquatic Research Network","award":["LA\/P\/0069\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0069\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Oceans are increasingly viewed as a new frontier for economic development, contributing to the bridge between food industry, sea bioeconomy, and health. Nowadays, oceans are under attention as a strategy for creating opportunities and driving innovation, and their vital importance will become even more evident in the years to come. Therefore, it is crucial to study oceans under a holistic approach, taking the maximum value of their abundant resources in a sustainable way. As such, blue bioeconomy is the path forward, since it is a development strategy that meets the economic potential without compromising the environmental health. A special look needs to be taken at the underutilized resources and by-products, which hold unexploited value. For instance, green macroalgae are widespread marine macroalgae that lack industry applications, despite being rich in biopolymers (polysaccharides) and antioxidants. Moreover, fish by-products are also rich sources of biopolymers, mostly proteins. Thus, among other potential uses, raw materials could be explored to produce functional edible coatings under a blue bioeconomy approach. A detailed characterization of raw materials is the first step for the development of value-added products. These topics will be addressed in this review.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods14152555","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]],"date-time":"2025-07-22T08:45:18Z","timestamp":1753173918000},"page":"2555","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Potential of Marine Biomolecules: Advances in Extraction and Applications of Proteins, Polysaccharides, and Antioxidant Compounds"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3832-9413","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriela","family":"Sousa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Superior de Agronomia, LEAF\u2014Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food Research Centre, Universidade de Lisboa, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ARNET\u2014Aquatic Research Network, Polit\u00e9cnico de Leiria, 2520-641 Peniche, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3655-8201","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suzana","family":"Ferreira-Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Superior de Agronomia, LEAF\u2014Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food Research Centre, Universidade de Lisboa, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Estudos T\u00e9cnicos, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2423-0495","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla","family":"Tecel\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ARNET\u2014Aquatic Research Network, Polit\u00e9cnico de Leiria, 2520-641 Peniche, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4117-5582","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V\u00edtor D.","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Superior de Agronomia, LEAF\u2014Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food Research Centre, Universidade de Lisboa, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9377","DOI":"10.1039\/D1GC03191K","article-title":"From Green to Blue Economy: Marine Biorefineries for a Sustainable Ocean-Based Economy","volume":"23","author":"Mussagy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Green Chem."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s00289-006-0615-2","article-title":"Dynamics of Marine Biopolymer Networks","volume":"58","author":"Verdugo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Polym. Bull."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3600","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-17410-2","article-title":"A Transition to Sustainable Ocean Governance","volume":"11","author":"Rudolph","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1762","DOI":"10.1039\/D1GC04327G","article-title":"Progresses and Future Prospects in Biodegradation of Marine Biopolymers and Emerging Biopolymer-Based Materials for Sustainable Marine Ecosystems","volume":"24","author":"Samalens","year":"2022","journal-title":"Green Chem."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Ribeiro, S., Herz, M., Burkett, M., Mora, M.B., Bueger, C., Liebetrau, T., Andrade, L., Costa, C.R., and Santos, L.R. (2022). Shifts in World Geopolitics: Cooperation and Competition in the Atlantic."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fr\u00f3na, D., Szender\u00e1k, J., and Harangi-R\u00e1kos, M. (2019). The Challenge of Feeding the World. Sustainability, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/su11205816"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2023.104198","article-title":"Agar-Based Edible Films and Food Packaging Application: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"141","author":"Roy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lomartire, S., Marques, J.C., and Gon\u00e7alves, A.M.M. (2022). An Overview of the Alternative Use of Seaweeds to Produce Safe and Sustainable Bio-Packaging. Appl. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/app12063123"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2018.03.017","article-title":"Effects of Agar Films Incorporated with Fish Protein Hydrolysate or Clove Essential Oil on Flounder (Paralichthys Orbignyanus) Fillets Shelf-Life","volume":"81","author":"Romani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Rajan, R., and S.R, R.R. (2022). Seaweed Based Edible Films and Coatings for Fish Products Packaging: An Ecofriendly Solution to Pollution, Emerging Trends and Innovative Packaging Technologies in Seafood Industrial Practices (ETSIP)."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahmud, N., Islam, J., and Tahergorabi, R. (2021). Marine Biopolymers: Applications in Food Packaging. Processes, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/pr9122245"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eriksen, M., Lebreton, L.C.M., Carson, H.S., Thiel, M., Moore, C.J., Borerro, J.C., Galgani, F., Ryan, P.G., and Reisser, J. (2014). Plastic Pollution in the World\u2019s Oceans: More than 5 Trillion Plastic Pieces Weighing over 250,000 Tons Afloat at Sea. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0111913"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e04709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e04709","article-title":"Plastic Pollution in the Marine Environment","volume":"6","author":"Thushari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corinaldesi, C., Canensi, S., Dell\u2019Anno, A., Tangherlini, M., Capua, I.D., Varrella, S., Willis, T.J., Cerrano, C., and Danovaro, R. (2021). Multiple Impacts of Microplastics Can Threaten Marine Habitat-Forming Species. Commun. Biol., 4.","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-021-01961-1"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"1","article-title":"Editorial: Plastic Pollution: An Ocean Emergency","volume":"129","author":"Wabnitz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mar. Turt. News Lett."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2021.112769","article-title":"Do Microplastic Contaminated Seafood Consumption Pose a Potential Risk to Human Health?","volume":"171","author":"Vital","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barracosa, H., de los Santos, C.B., Martins, M., Freitas, C., and Santos, R. (2019). Ocean Literacy to Mainstream Ecosystem Services Concept in Formal and Informal Education: The Example of Coastal Ecosystems of Southern Portugal. Front. Mar. Sci., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2019.00626"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16820","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.9b04362","article-title":"From Blue Bioeconomy toward Circular Economy through High-Sensitivity Analytical Research on Waste Blue Crab Shells","volume":"7","author":"Nekvapil","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rayner, R., Jolly, C., and Gouldman, C. (2019). Ocean Observing and the Blue Economy. Front. Mar. Sci., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2019.00330"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3259","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-23168-y","article-title":"Financing a Sustainable Ocean Economy","volume":"12","author":"Sumaila","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpol.2020.104387","article-title":"Blue Growth and Blue Justice: Ten Risks and Solutions for the Ocean Economy","volume":"125","author":"Bennett","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mar. Policy"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2271","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-020-02044-0","article-title":"Integrated Biorefinery Process for Sustainable Fractionation of Ulva Ohnoi (Chlorophyta): Process Optimization and Revenue Analysis","volume":"32","author":"Prabhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104874","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocecoaman.2019.104874","article-title":"Coastal Management in Portugal: Practices for Reflection and Learning","volume":"181","author":"Marinho","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ocean Coast. Manag."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"7","article-title":"Economic Assessment of Oceans for Sustainable Blue Economy Development","volume":"2","author":"Ebarvia","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Ocean Coast. Econ."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"E202","article-title":"Water Vapor Permeability of Mammalian and Fish Gelatin Films","volume":"71","author":"Olsen","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, S., Yu, B., Wang, B., Soladoye, O.P., Benjakul, S., Zhang, Y., and Fu, Y. (2024). Revalorization of Fish Viscera as a Sustainable Source of Proteins, Lipids and Polysaccharides in the Food Industry. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., 1\u201327.","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2024.2444987"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fpsl.2019.100382","article-title":"Development of Functional Bio-Based Seaweed (Himanthalia Elongata and Palmaria Palmata) Edible Films for Extending the Shelflife of Fresh Fish Burgers","volume":"22","author":"Albertos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Packag. Shelf Life"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, U.S.U., Abdulmadjid, S.N., Olaiya, N.G., Amirul, A.A., Rizal, S., Rahman, A.A., Alfatah, T., Mistar, E.M., and Khalil, H.P.S.A. (2020). Extracted Compounds from Neem Leaves as Antimicrobial Agent on the Physico-Chemical Properties of Seaweed-Based Biopolymer Films. Polymers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12051119"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, B., Song, K., Meng, J., Li, L., and Zhang, G. (2017). Integrated Application of Transcriptomics and Metabolomics Provides Insights into Glycogen Content Regulation in the Pacific Oyster Crassostrea Gigas. BMC Genomics, 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-017-4069-8"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.26656\/fr.2017.4(5).157","article-title":"The Influence of Polypropylene-and Polyethylene Microplastics on the Quality of Spirulina Sp. Harvests","volume":"4","author":"Dianratri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141469","article-title":"Nano- and Microplastics Trigger Secretion of Protein-Rich Extracellular Polymeric Substances from Phytoplankton","volume":"748","author":"Shiu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.2022.2061744","article-title":"Antioxidant Effects of Seaweeds and Their Active Compounds on Animal Health and Production\u2014A Review","volume":"42","author":"Michalak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. Q."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jksus.2019.12.003","article-title":"Marine Invertebrates\u2019 Proteins: A Recent Update on Functional Property","volume":"32","author":"Ganesan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. King Saud Univ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vladkova, T., Georgieva, N., Staneva, A., and Gospodinova, D. (2022). Recent Progress in Antioxidant Active Substances from Marine Biota. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11030439"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, N., Pei, H., Xiang, W., Li, T., Lin, S., Wu, J., Chen, Z., Wu, H., Li, C., and Wu, H. (2023). Rapid Screening of Microalgae as Potential Sources of Natural Antioxidants. Foods, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12142652"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104838","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marenvres.2019.104838","article-title":"Evaluation of Microplastic Toxicity in Accordance with Different Sizes and Exposure Times in the Marine Copepod Tigriopus japonicus","volume":"153","author":"Choi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mar. Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coppola, D., Oliviero, M., Vitale, G.A., Lauritano, C., D\u2019Ambra, I., Iannace, S., and de Pascale, D. (2020). Marine Collagen from Alternative and Sustainable Sources: Extraction, Processing and Applications. Mar. Drugs, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/md18040214"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.7324\/JAPS.2015.50322","article-title":"Collagen: Animal Sources and Biomedical Application","volume":"5","author":"Silvipriya","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Appl. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Milovanovic, I., and Hayes, M. (2018). Marine Gelatine from Rest Raw Materials. Appl. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201810.0562.v1"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"8","article-title":"Collagen Sources and Areas of Use","volume":"2","author":"Cherim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Nat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.06.012","article-title":"Comparison of Thermal Properties of Fish Collagen and Bovine Collagen in the Temperature Range 298\u2013670K","volume":"80","author":"Kubisz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2021.108416","article-title":"Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Effect of Lyophilized Fucus Spiralis Addition on Gelatin Film during Refrigerated Storage of Mackerel","volume":"131","author":"Trigo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1007\/s11947-017-2030-0","article-title":"Biodegradable Films Based on Gelatin and Papaya Peel Microparticles with Antioxidant Properties","volume":"11","author":"Crizel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Bioprocess Technol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Islam, J., and Solval, K.E.M. (2025). Recent Advancements in Marine Collagen: Exploring New Sources, Processing Approaches, and Nutritional Applications. Mar. Drugs, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/md23050190"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s42825-024-00152-y","article-title":"A Review on Marine Collagen: Sources, Extraction Methods, Colloids Properties, and Food Applications","volume":"6","author":"Farooq","year":"2024","journal-title":"Collagen Leather"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.05.213","article-title":"Characterization of Marine Derived Collagen Extracted from the By-Products of Bigeye Tuna (Thunnus Obesus)","volume":"135","author":"Ahmed","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-022-05630-x","article-title":"Extraction and Characterisation of Type I Collagen from the Skin Offcuts Generated at the Commercial Fish Processing Centres","volume":"60","author":"Ampitiya","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2017.03.011","article-title":"Effect of Ultrasound Assisted Extraction on the Physicochemical and Functional Properties of Collagen from Soft-Shelled Turtle Calipash","volume":"105","author":"Zou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pozzolini, M., Scarfi, S., Gallus, L., Castellano, M., Vicini, S., Cortese, K., Gagliani, M.C., Bertolino, M., Costa, G., and Giovine, M. (2018). Production, Characterization and Biocompatibility Evaluation of Collagen Membranes Derived from Marine Sponge Chondrosia Reniformis Nardo, 1847. Mar. Drugs, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/md16040111"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procbio.2013.12.003","article-title":"Isolation and Characterization of Collagen from the Cartilage of Amur Sturgeon (Acipenser Schrenckii)","volume":"49","author":"Liang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Process Biochem."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012041","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1150\/1\/012041","article-title":"The Extraction of Gelatin from Black Tilapia Fish Skins with Different Acid Concentration","volume":"1150","author":"Ismail","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1007\/s10924-012-0546-y","article-title":"Preparation of Fish-Scale Gelatins by Mild Hydrolysis and Their Characterization","volume":"21","author":"Jiang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Polym. Environ."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5017","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.1799","article-title":"The Effects of Enzymatically Aided Acid-Swelling Process on Gelatin Extracted from Fish by-Products","volume":"8","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2166","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-013-1239-9","article-title":"Physico-Chemical Properties of Gelatin from Bighead Carp (Hypophthalmichthys Nobilis) Scales by Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction","volume":"52","author":"Tu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012061","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/299\/1\/012061","article-title":"Halal Gelatin Extraction from Patin Fish Bone (Pangasius Hypophthalmus) by-Product with Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction","volume":"299","author":"Asih","year":"2019","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"S340","article-title":"Optimization of Process Condition for Extraction of Gelatin from Red Tilapia Skin (Oreochromis Niloticus) by High Pressure Processing (HPP)","volume":"24","author":"Jami","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Food Res. J. Malays."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noor, N.Q.I.M., Razali, R.S., Ismail, N.K., Ramli, R.A., Razali, U.H.M., Bahauddin, A.R., Zaharudin, N., Rozzamri, A., Bakar, J., and Shaarani, S.M. (2021). Application of Green Technology in Gelatin Extraction: A Review. Processes, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/pr9122227"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1111\/jtxs.12408","article-title":"Physicochemical, Rheological, and Molecular Characterization of Colloidal Gelatin Produced from Common Carp by-Products Using Microwave and Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction","volume":"50","author":"Sabzipour","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Texture Stud."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"197","article-title":"Exploring Marine Collagen: Sustainable Sourcing, Extraction Methods, and Cosmetic Applications","volume":"47","author":"Prajaputra","year":"2024","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2016.01.019","article-title":"Marine Bioactive Compounds and Health Promoting Perspectives; Innovation Pathways for Drug Discovery","volume":"50","author":"Suleria","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.05.123","article-title":"Agar-Based Edible Films for Food Packaging Applications\u2014A Review","volume":"159","author":"Mostafavi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2207","DOI":"10.1007\/s10924-017-1118-y","article-title":"Biopolymer (Chitin) from Various Marine Seashell Wastes: Isolation and Characterization","volume":"26","author":"Alabaraoye","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Polym. Environ."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balti, R., Ben Mansour, M., Zayoud, N., Le Balc\u2019h, R., Brodu, N., Arhaliass, A., and Mass\u00e9, A. (2020). Active Exopolysaccharides Based Edible Coatings Enriched with Red Seaweed (Gracilaria Gracilis) Extract to Improve Shrimp Preservation during Refrigerated Storage. Food Biosci., 34.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2019.100522"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4979","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2021.2010646","article-title":"Full Article: Recent Advances in Industrial Applications of Seaweeds","volume":"63","author":"Polat","year":"2023","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abatangelo, G., Vindigni, V., Avruscio, G., Pandis, L., and Brun, P. (2020). Hyaluronic Acid: Redefining Its Role. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9071743"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodriguez-Marquez, C.D., Arteaga-Marin, S., Rivas-S\u00e1nchez, A., Autrique-Hern\u00e1ndez, R., and Castro-Mu\u00f1oz, R. (2022). A Review on Current Strategies for Extraction and Purification of Hyaluronic Acid. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23116038"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fochx.2024.101736","article-title":"Valorization of Baltic Sea Farmed Blue Mussels: Chemical Profiling and Prebiotic Potential for Nutraceutical and Functional Food Development","volume":"23","author":"Adler","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Chem. X"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, W.-F., Li, S., Liu, J., Wang, X.-F., Chen, H.-Y., Hao, H., and Wang, K.-J. (2021). Vital Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolites in Serum Involved in Energy Metabolism during Pubertal Molt of Mud Crab (Scylla Paramamosain). Metabolites, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo11100651"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2578","DOI":"10.3390\/md8102578","article-title":"Metabolomic Investigations of American Oysters Using 1H-NMR Spectroscopy","volume":"8","author":"Tikunov","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.695","article-title":"Extraction, Purification, and Structure Characterization of Polysaccharides from Crassostrea Rivularis","volume":"6","author":"Qin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balaji, A.B., Pakalapati, H., Khalid, M., Walvecar, R., and Siddiqui, H. (2018). Natural and Synthetic Biocompatible and Biodegradable Polymers. Biodegradable and Biocompatible Polymer Composites, Woodhead Publishing.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100970-3.00001-8"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hayes, M. (2012). Chitin, Chitosan and Their Derivatives from Marine Rest Raw Materials: Potential Food and Pharmaceutical Applications. Marine Bioactive Compounds: Sources, Characterization and Applications, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-1247-2_4"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2022.119349","article-title":"Green and Eco-Friendly Approaches for the Extraction of Chitin and Chitosan: A Review","volume":"287","author":"Mohan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/s10126-005-0097-5","article-title":"Chitin and Chitosan: Functional Biopolymers from Marine Crustaceans","volume":"8","author":"Kurita","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mar. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fpsl.2019.100396","article-title":"Development of Grapefruit Seed Extract-Loaded Poly(\u03b5-Caprolactone)\/Chitosan Films for Antimicrobial Food Packaging","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Packag. Shelf Life"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2017.08.007","article-title":"Active Food Packaging Prepared with Chitosan and Olive Pomace","volume":"74","author":"Crizel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2018.03.047","article-title":"Effects of Chitosan Coatings Incorporating with Free or Nano-Encapsulated Satureja Plant Essential Oil on Quality Characteristics of Lamb Meat","volume":"91","author":"Pabast","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115530","article-title":"Developments and Application of Chitosan-Based Adsorbents for Wastewater Treatments","volume":"226","author":"Bhatt","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2020.101883","article-title":"Production, Isolation and Bioactive Estimation of Extracellular Polysaccharides of Green Microalga Neochloris Oleoabundans","volume":"48","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Algal Res."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.3390\/polysaccharides2040046","article-title":"Microalgae Polysaccharides: An Overview of Production, Characterization, and Potential Applications","volume":"2","author":"Costa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Polysaccharides"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morais, M.G., Santos, T.D., Moraes, L., Vaz, B.S., Morais, E.G., and Costa, J.A.V. (2022). Exopolysaccharides from Microalgae: Production in a Biorefinery Framework and Potential Applications. Bioresour. Technol. Rep., 18.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biteb.2022.101006"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105895","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2021.105895","article-title":"Bioplastic Made from Seaweed Polysaccharides with Green Production Methods","volume":"9","author":"Lim","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2016.11.095","article-title":"A Review on Synthesis, Properties and Applications of Natural Polymer Based Carrageenan Blends and Composites","volume":"96","author":"Zia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lomartire, S., and Gon\u00e7alves, A.M.M. (2022). Novel Technologies for Seaweed Polysaccharides Extraction and Their Use in Food with Therapeutically Applications\u2014A Review. Foods, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11172654"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perera, K.Y., Sharma, S., Pradhan, D., Jaiswal, A.K., and Jaiswal, S. (2021). Seaweed Polysaccharide in Food Contact Materials (Active Packaging, Intelligent Packaging, Edible Films, and Coatings). Foods, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10092088"},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"5996","article-title":"Oil Palm Shell Nanofiller in Seaweed-Based Composite Film: Mechanical, Physical, and Morphological Properties","volume":"12","author":"Tye","year":"2017","journal-title":"BioResources"},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"14","article-title":"Macroalgae in the Food Industry\u2014Opportunities and Challenges","volume":"15","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eng. Power Bull. Croat. Acad. Eng."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2023.109307","article-title":"Polysaccharides from Red Seaweeds: Effect of Extraction Methods on Physicochemical Characteristics and Antioxidant Activities","volume":"147","author":"Premarathna","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2015.10.074","article-title":"Development of Edible Films and Coatings from Alginates and Carrageenans","volume":"137","author":"Shekarchizadeh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2020.116784","article-title":"Innovative Processing Strategies and Technologies to Obtain Hydrocolloids from Macroalgae for Food Applications","volume":"248","author":"Gomez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1080\/00393630.2015.1131043","article-title":"Evaluation of the Use of Funori for Consolidation of Powdering Paint Layers in Wall Paintings","volume":"62","author":"Catenazzi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stud. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1179\/019713605806082329","article-title":"Funori: Overview of a 300-Year-Old Consolidant","volume":"44","author":"Swider","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Inst. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_93","unstructured":"Harrold, J., and Wyszomirska-Noga, Z. (2015, January 8\u201310). Funori: The Use of a Traditional Japanese Adhesive in the Preservation and Conservation Treatment of Western Objects. Proceedings of the International Conference of the Icon Book & Paper Group, London, UK."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.culher.2021.06.010","article-title":"Relationship between Structure and Some Physico-Chemical Properties of Funori from Red Seaweed Gloiopeltis","volume":"51","author":"Ha","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cult. Herit."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S230","DOI":"10.1179\/204705814X13975704320035","article-title":"Characterisation of Funori as a Conservation Material: Influence of Seaweed Species and Extraction Temperature","volume":"59","author":"Hayakawa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stud. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1111\/anu.13233","article-title":"A Comprehensive Review on the Health Benefits and Nutritional Significance of Fucoidan Polysaccharide Derived from Brown Seaweeds in Human, Animals and Aquatic Organisms","volume":"27","author":"Saeed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aquac. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_97","first-page":"1103","article-title":"Seaweed Based Edible Packaging Materials for Food","volume":"3","author":"Sarojini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biot. Res. Today"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haggag, Y.A., Abd Elrahman, A.A., Ulber, R., and Zayed, A. (2023). Fucoidan in Pharmaceutical Formulations: A Comprehensive Review for Smart Drug Delivery Systems. Mar. Drugs, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/md21020112"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Sheekh, M., Alwaleed, E.A., Kassem, W.M.A., and Saber, H. (2024). Optimizing the Fucoidan Extraction Using Box-Behnken Design and Its Potential Bioactivity. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 277.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.134490"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2025.123468","article-title":"Fucoidan and Its Derivatives: From Extraction to Cutting-Edge Biomedical Applications","volume":"357","author":"Abbas","year":"2025","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jayawardena, T.U., Nagahawatta, D.P., Fernando, I.P.S., Kim, Y.-T., Kim, J.-S., Kim, W.-S., Lee, J.S., and Jeon, Y.-J. (2022). A Review on Fucoidan Structure, Extraction Techniques, and Its Role as an Immunomodulatory Agent. Mar. Drugs, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/md20120755"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fpsl.2023.101128","article-title":"Algae as an Additive to Improve the Functional and Mechanical Properties of Protein and Polysaccharide-Based Films and Coatings. A Review of Recent Studies","volume":"38","author":"Carpintero","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Packag. Shelf Life"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zayed, A., El-Aasr, M., Ibrahim, A.-R.S., and Ulber, R. (2020). Fucoidan Characterization: Determination of Purity and Physicochemical and Chemical Properties. Mar. Drugs, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/md18110571"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e19","DOI":"10.1002\/efd2.19","article-title":"A Critical Review on Extraction, Characteristics, Physicochemical Activities, Potential Health Benefits, and Industrial Applications of Fucoidan","volume":"3","author":"Du","year":"2022","journal-title":"eFood"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2017.11.015","article-title":"Composition and Bioaccessibility of Elements in Green Seaweeds from Fish Pond Aquaculture","volume":"105","author":"Afonso","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/raq.12580","article-title":"The Underexplored Potential of Green Macroalgae in Aquaculture","volume":"14","author":"Moreira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. Aquac."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tran, V.H.N., Mikkelsen, M.D., Truong, H.B., Vo, H.N.M., Pham, T.D., Cao, H.T.T., Nguyen, T.T., Meyer, A.S., Thanh, T.T.T., and Van, T.T.T. (2023). Structural Characterization and Cytotoxic Activity Evaluation of Ulvan Polysaccharides Extracted from the Green Algae Ulva Papenfussii. Mar. Drugs, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/md21110556"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sacramento, M.M.A., Borges, J., Correia, F.J.S., Calado, R., Rodrigues, J.M.M., Patr\u00edcio, S.G., and Mano, J.F. (2022). Green Approaches for Extraction, Chemical Modification and Processing of Marine Polysaccharides for Biomedical Applications. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.1041102"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, S.-Y., Huang, X., and Cheong, K.-L. (2017). Recent Advances in Marine Algae Polysaccharides: Isolation, Structure, and Activities. Mar. Drugs, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/md15120388"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbp.2011.11.002","article-title":"Optimization of Extraction and Purification Process of Hyaluronic Acid from Fish Eyeball","volume":"90","author":"Murado","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Bioprod. Process."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2017.05.055","article-title":"Hydroxyapatite Crystallization in Shrimp Cephalothorax Wastes during Subcritical Water Treatment for Chitin Extraction","volume":"172","author":"Bucio","year":"2017","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1002\/jctb.4714","article-title":"Enzyme Assisted Extraction of Chitin from Shrimp Shells (Litopenaeus Vannamei)","volume":"91","author":"Hongkulsup","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_113","first-page":"1066","article-title":"Extraction and Characterization of Chitin, Chitosan and Chitooligosaccharides from Crab Shell Waste","volume":"51","author":"Varun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian J. Anim. Res."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"030028","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4941494","article-title":"Optimizing Deacetylation Process for Chitosan Production from Green Mussel (Perna Viridis) Shell","volume":"1710","author":"Danarto","year":"2016","journal-title":"AIP Conf. Proc."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2755","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-021-02630-w","article-title":"A Preliminary Study on Polysaccharide Extraction, Purification, and Antioxidant Properties of Sugar-Rich Filamentous Microalgae Tribonema Minus","volume":"34","author":"Huo","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102906","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2022.102906","article-title":"Carrageenan Extraction from Red Seaweed (Kappaphycopsis Cottonii) Using the Bead Mill Method","volume":"69","author":"Firdayanti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Algal Res."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2017.01.041","article-title":"Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction and Structural Characterization by NMR of Alginates and Carrageenans from Seaweeds","volume":"166","author":"Youssouf","year":"2017","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2017.06.055","article-title":"Recovery of Carrageenan from Solomon Islands Red Seaweed Using Ionic Liquid-Assisted Subcritical Water Extraction","volume":"196","author":"Gereniu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Belattmania, Z., Bhaby, S., Nadri, A., Khaya, K., Bentiss, F., Jama, C., Reani, A., Vasconcelos, V., and Sabour, B. (2021). Gracilaria Gracilis (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta) from Dakhla (Southern Moroccan Atlantic Coast) as Source of Agar: Content, Chemical Characteristics, and Gelling Properties. Mar. Drugs, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/md19120672"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2021.106905","article-title":"Investigation of Enzyme-Assisted Methods Combined with Ultrasonication under a Controlled Alkali Pretreatment for Agar Extraction from Gelidium sesquipedale","volume":"120","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2023.103334","article-title":"Structural and Physicochemical Characterization of Funoran Extracted from Gloiopeltis Furcata by Different Methods","volume":"76","author":"Atya","year":"2023","journal-title":"Algal Res."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012001","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/2190\/1\/012001","article-title":"The Effect of Extraction Time on the Quality of Brown Seaweed Na-Alginate Sargassum Polycisteum as the Base Material for SBK Edible Film","volume":"2190","author":"Latifah","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anjana, K., and Arunkumar, K. (2024). Brown Algae Biomass for Fucoxanthin, Fucoidan and Alginate; Update Review on Structure, Biosynthesis, Biological Activities and Extraction Valorisation. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 280.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.135632"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102951","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2022.102951","article-title":"An Assessment of Physical and Chemical Conditions in Alginate Extraction from Two Cultivated Brown Algal Species in Norway: Alaria esculenta and Saccharina latissima","volume":"69","author":"Langeng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Algal Res."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2022.12.261","article-title":"Extraction of High Purity Fucoidans from Brown Seaweeds Using Cellulases and Alginate Lyases","volume":"229","author":"Horn","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.07.151","article-title":"Green and Efficient Extraction of Polysaccharides from Brown Seaweed by Adding Deep Eutectic Solvent in Subcritical Water Hydrolysis","volume":"198","author":"Saravana","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_127","first-page":"87","article-title":"Effect of Extraction Methods on the Yield, Fucose Content and Purity of Fucoidan from Sargassum Sp. Obtained from Pulau Langkawi, Malaysia","volume":"22","author":"Baba","year":"2018","journal-title":"Malays. J. Anal. Sci."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2018.12.053","article-title":"The Comparative Influence of Novel Extraction Technologies on in Vitro Prebiotic-Inducing Chemical Properties of Fucoidan Extracts from Ascophyllum nodosum","volume":"90","author":"Okolie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2011.06.006","article-title":"Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Sulfated Polysaccharides (Fucoidan) from Brown Seaweed","volume":"86","author":"Mussatto","year":"2011","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1134\/S1068162007010116","article-title":"Polysaccharide and Lipid Composition of the Brown Seaweed Laminaria Gurjanovae","volume":"33","author":"Shevchenko","year":"2007","journal-title":"Russ. J. Bioorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2018.101389","article-title":"Optimisation of Biorefinery Production of Alginate, Fucoidan and Laminarin from Brown Seaweed Durvillaea potatorum","volume":"38","author":"Abraham","year":"2019","journal-title":"Algal Res."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheong, K.-L., Sabir, A., Wang, M., Zhong, S., and Tan, K. (2025). Advancements in the Extraction, Characterization, and Bioactive Potential of Laminaran: A Review. Foods, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods14101683"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1111\/ijfs.12692","article-title":"Extraction, Structure and Biofunctional Activities of Laminarin from Brown Algae","volume":"50","author":"Kadam","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2012.11.013","article-title":"Effect of Extraction Conditions on the Yield and Purity of Ulvan Extracted from Ulva lactuca","volume":"31","author":"Yaich","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103940","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2025.103940","article-title":"Sulfated Polysaccharides from Ulva Rigida as Antioxidant and Antibacterial Enhancers in Chicken Sausages","volume":"86","author":"Alboofetileh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Algal Res."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, W., Li, J., Lu, F., and Liu, F. (2024). Ultrasound-Assisted Multi-Enzyme Extraction for Highly Efficient Extraction of Polysaccharides from Ulva Lactuca. Foods, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13060891"},{"key":"ref_137","first-page":"1","article-title":"Marine-Derived Bioactive Proteins and Peptides: A Review of Current Knowledge on Anticancer Potentials, Clinical Trials, and Future Prospects","volume":"19","author":"Okeke","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Commun."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tziveleka, L.-A., Tammam, M.A., Tzakou, O., Roussis, V., and Ioannou, E. (2021). Metabolites with Antioxidant Activity from Marine Macroalgae. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10091431"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghosh, S., Sarkar, T., Pati, S., Kari, Z.A., Edinur, H.A., and Chakraborty, R. (2022). Novel Bioactive Compounds From Marine Sources as a Tool for Functional Food Development. Front. Mar. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2022.832957"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cadar, E., Pesterau, A.-M., Prasacu, I., Ionescu, A.-M., Pascale, C., Dragan, A.-M.L., Sirbu, R., and Tomescu, C.L. (2024). Marine Antioxidants from Marine Collagen and Collagen Peptides with Nutraceuticals Applications: A Review. Antioxidants, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13080919"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2021.08.017","article-title":"Bioactive Peptides Derived from Marine Sources: Biological and Functional Properties","volume":"119","author":"Cunha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ebrahimi, B., Baroutian, S., Li, J., Zhang, B., Ying, T., and Lu, J. (2023). Combination of Marine Bioactive Compounds and Extracts for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Diseases. Front. Nutr., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.1047026"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nishida, Y., Kumagai, Y., Michiba, S., Yasui, H., and Kishimura, H. (2020). Efficient Extraction and Antioxidant Capacity of Mycosporine-Like Amino Acids from Red Alga Dulse Palmaria Palmata in Japan. Mar. Drugs, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/md18100502"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carreira-Casais, A., Otero, P., Garcia-Perez, P., Garcia-Oliveira, P., Pereira, A.G., Carpena, M., Soria-Lopez, A., Simal-Gandara, J., and Prieto, M.A. (2021). Benefits and Drawbacks of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction for the Recovery of Bioactive Compounds from Marine Algae. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18179153"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coulombier, N., Jauffrais, T., and Lebouvier, N. (2021). Antioxidant Compounds from Microalgae: A Review. Mar. Drugs, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/md19100549"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gunathilake, T., Akanbi, T.O., Suleria, H.A.R., Nalder, T.D., Francis, D.S., and Barrow, C.J. (2022). Seaweed Phenolics as Natural Antioxidants, Aquafeed Additives, Veterinary Treatments and Cross-Linkers for Microencapsulation. Mar. Drugs, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/md20070445"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vitale, G.A., Coppola, D., Esposito, F.P., Buonocore, C., Ausuri, J., Tortorella, E., and de Pascale, D. (2020). Antioxidant Molecules from Marine Fungi: Methodologies and Perspectives. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9121183"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Macedo, M.W.F.S., da Cunha, N.B., Carneiro, J.A., da Costa, R.A., de Alencar, S.A., Cardoso, M.H., Franco, O.L., and Dias, S.C. (2021). Marine Organisms as a Rich Source of Biologically Active Peptides. Front. Mar. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2021.667764"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2020.126629","article-title":"A Novel Carotenoids-Producing Marine Bacterium from Noble Scallop Chlamys Nobilis and Antioxidant Activities of Its Carotenoid Compositions","volume":"320","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1186\/s42269-020-00323-x","article-title":"Medical Application of Exopolymers Produced by Marine Bacteria","volume":"44","author":"Abdelhamid","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bull. Natl. Res. Cent."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhong, Q., Wei, B., Wang, S., Ke, S., Chen, J., Zhang, H., and Wang, H. (2019). The Antioxidant Activity of Polysaccharides Derived from Marine Organisms: An Overview. Mar. Drugs, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/md17120674"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pan, Y.-L., Rodrigues, M.J., Pereira, C.G., Engrola, S., Colen, R., Mansinhos, I., Romano, A., Andrade, P.B., Fernandes, F., and Cust\u00f3dio, L. (2021). Exploring the Biotechnological Value of Marine Invertebrates: A Closer Look at the Biochemical and Antioxidant Properties of Sabella Spallanzanii and Microcosmus Squamiger. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11123557"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1186\/s43088-023-00407-3","article-title":"Neuroprotective Compounds from Marine Invertebrates","volume":"12","author":"Rivai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Beni-Suef Univ. J. Basic Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hossain, A., Dave, D., and Shahidi, F. (2022). Antioxidant Potential of Sea Cucumbers and Their Beneficial Effects on Human Health. Mar. Drugs, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/md20080521"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2010.12.030","article-title":"Marine Food-Derived Functional Ingredients as Potential Antioxidants in the Food Industry: An Overview","volume":"44","author":"Ngo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/87559129.2020.1717522","article-title":"Antioxidants from Crustaceans: A Panacea for Lipid Oxidation in Marine-Based Foods","volume":"38","author":"Olatunde","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Rev. Int."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4941","DOI":"10.1080\/87559129.2022.2042555","article-title":"Marine Lipids as a Source of High-Quality Fatty Acids and Antioxidants","volume":"39","author":"Cretton","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Rev. Int."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sansone, C., and Brunet, C. (2020). Marine Algal Antioxidants. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9030206"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1815","DOI":"10.1007\/s12010-015-1689-9","article-title":"Overview of Antioxidant Peptides Derived from Marine Resources: The Sources, Characteristic, Purification, and Evaluation Methods","volume":"176","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_160","unstructured":"Hayes, M. (2012). Extraction and Characterization of Bioactive Compounds with Health Benefits from Marine Resources: Macro and Micro Algae, Cyanobacteria, and Invertebrates. Marine Bioactive Compounds: Sources, Characterization and Applications, Springer."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2016.3706","article-title":"Antioxidant Activity of Marine Algal Polyphenolic Compounds: A Mechanistic Approach","volume":"19","author":"Fernando","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Med. Food"},{"key":"ref_162","first-page":"1","article-title":"Seaweed as a Source of Natural Antioxidants: Therapeutic Activity and Food Applications","volume":"2021","author":"Kumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Food Qual."}],"container-title":["Foods"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/14\/15\/2555\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:13:43Z","timestamp":1760033623000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/14\/15\/2555"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]]},"references-count":162,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["foods14152555"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/foods14152555","relation":{},"ISSN":["2304-8158"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2304-8158","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]]}}}