{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T12:13:43Z","timestamp":1777896823676,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]],"date-time":"2025-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754438400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT\u2013Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UID\/04033\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/04033\/2023"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2013Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["LA\/P\/0126\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0126\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2013Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]},{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences","award":["UID\/04033\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/04033\/2023"]}]},{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences","award":["LA\/P\/0126\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0126\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]},{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior\u2013Brazil (CAPES)","award":["UID\/04033\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/04033\/2023"]}]},{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior\u2013Brazil (CAPES)","award":["LA\/P\/0126\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0126\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior\u2013Brazil (CAPES)","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Avocado (Persea americana), originally from Mesoamerica, has emerged as a focus of intense scientific and industrial interest due to its unique combination of nutritional richness, bioactive potential, and technological versatility. Its pulp, widely consumed across the globe, is notably abundant in monounsaturated fatty acids, especially oleic acid, which can comprise over two-thirds of its lipid content. In addition, it provides significant levels of dietary fiber, fat-soluble vitamins such as A, D, E and K, carotenoids, tocopherols, and phytosterols like \u03b2-sitosterol. These constituents are consistently associated with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, glycemic regulatory, and cardioprotective effects, supported by a growing body of experimental and clinical evidence. This review offers a comprehensive and critical synthesis of the chemical composition and functional properties of avocado, with particular emphasis on its lipid profile, phenolic compounds, and phytosterols. It also explores recent advances in environmentally sustainable extraction techniques, including ultrasound-assisted and microwave-assisted processes, as well as the application of natural deep eutectic solvents. These technologies have demonstrated improved efficiency in recovering bioactives while aligning with the principles of green chemistry. The use of avocado-derived ingredients in nanostructured delivery systems and their incorporation into functional foods, cosmetics, and health-promoting formulations is discussed in detail. Additionally, the potential of native cultivars and the application of precision nutrition strategies are identified as promising avenues for future innovation. Taken together, the findings underscore the avocado\u2019s relevance as a high-value matrix for sustainable development. Future research should focus on optimizing extraction protocols, clarifying pharmacokinetic behavior, and ensuring long-term safety in diverse applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods14152746","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]],"date-time":"2025-08-06T13:25:11Z","timestamp":1754486711000},"page":"2746","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Bioactive Compounds, Technological Advances, and Sustainable Applications of Avocado (Persea americana Mill.): A Critical Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3445-5479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amanda Priscila Silva","family":"Nascimento","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Unit of Food Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande, Av. Apr\u00edgio Veloso, 882, Campina Grande 58429-900, PB, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3831-7201","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Elita Martins","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Unit of Food Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande, Av. Apr\u00edgio Veloso, 882, Campina Grande 58429-900, PB, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Ana Paula Trindade","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Unit of Food Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande, Av. Apr\u00edgio Veloso, 882, Campina Grande 58429-900, PB, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5834-6141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Novo","family":"Barros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olas, B. (2024). The pulp, peel, seed, and food products of Persea americana as sources of bioactive phytochemicals with cardioprotective properties: A review. Int. J. Mol. 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