{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T12:52:16Z","timestamp":1766407936226,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760486400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT\/MCTES","award":["UIDB\/00511\/2020 (10.54499\/UIDB\/00511\/2020)","UIDP\/00511\/2020 (10.54499\/UIDP\/00511\/2020)","LA\/P\/0045\/2020 (10.54499\/LA\/P\/0045\/2020)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00511\/2020 (10.54499\/UIDB\/00511\/2020)","UIDP\/00511\/2020 (10.54499\/UIDP\/00511\/2020)","LA\/P\/0045\/2020 (10.54499\/LA\/P\/0045\/2020)"]}]},{"name":"Alian\u00e7a para a Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Ensino Superior"},{"name":"FCT-Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, I.P.","award":["UIDP\/04378\/2020 (DOI:10.54499\/UIDP\/04378\/2020)","UIDB\/04378\/2020 DOI:10.54499\/UIDB\/04378\/2020)","LA\/P\/0140\/2020 (DOI:10.54499\/LA\/P\/0140\/2020)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04378\/2020 (DOI:10.54499\/UIDP\/04378\/2020)","UIDB\/04378\/2020 DOI:10.54499\/UIDB\/04378\/2020)","LA\/P\/0140\/2020 (DOI:10.54499\/LA\/P\/0140\/2020)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Goji berries (Lycium barbarum L.) are extremely rich in bioactive compounds, including phenolics, flavonoids, and vitamin C, which contribute to the strong antioxidant and immunomodulatory properties, positioning them as a promising candidate for nutraceutical applications. However, due to some limitations such as poor bioavailability and instability, encapsulation via spray drying with polymeric carriers provides a practical strategy to improve their stability, bioavailability, and applicability in the health sector. In this study, goji berry extract (GBE) was obtained via ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and encapsulated using spray drying with four different polymers: alginate, pectin, Eudragit E100 and RS30D. GBE-loaded microparticles showed improved production yields (e.g., 40.3% for Alginate + GBE vs. 13.9% for Alginate alone) and varying particle sizes (1.9\u20134.4 \u00b5m). The antioxidant\/antiradical activities were retained to different extents, depending on the carrier, with RS30D + GBE displaying the highest TPC (15.51 mg GAE (gallic acid equivalents)\/g), FRAP (59.83 \u00b5mol FSE (ferrous sulphate equivalents)\/g), and DPPH activities (3.50 mg TE (Trolox equivalents)\/g). Biocompatibility was confirmed in HT29-MTX cell lines for all produced microparticles. These findings support the use of spray-dried polymeric carriers to enhance the functional performance and stability of goji berry bioactive compounds in future nutraceutical applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods14203504","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T07:17:52Z","timestamp":1760512672000},"page":"3504","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Design of Polymeric Delivery Systems for Lycium barbarum Phytochemicals: A Spray Drying Approach for Nutraceuticals"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9287-8771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filipa","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE\/LAQV\u2014Rede de Qu\u00edmica e Tecnologia\/Laborat\u00f3rio Associado para a Qu\u00edmica Verde, ISEP\u2014Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Polit\u00e9cnico do Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ICBAS\u2014Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas Abel Salazar\u2014School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Angelina","family":"Rut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, 67 prof.dr.doc. D.Mangeron Street, 700050 Iasi, Romania"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1152-3398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo C.","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCIBIO\u2014Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, MedTech-Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory i4HB\u2014Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8803-0041","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisca","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCIBIO\u2014Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, MedTech-Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory i4HB\u2014Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1564-6010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Berta Nogueiro","family":"Estevinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE\u2014Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ALiCE\u2014Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teixeira, F., Silva, A.M., Delerue-Matos, C., and Rodrigues, F. (2023). Lycium barbarum Berries (Solanaceae) as Source of Bioactive Compounds for Healthy Purposes: A Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24054777"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2014.05.020","article-title":"Goji berry fruit (Lycium spp.): Antioxidant compound fingerprint and bioactivity evaluation","volume":"18","author":"Donno","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2021.104279","article-title":"Comprehensive analysis of phenolic compounds in four varieties of goji berries at different ripening stages by UPLC\u2013MS\/MS","volume":"106","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Food Compos. Anal."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Attaur, R. (2014). Chemopreventive Properties of Fruit Phenolic Compounds and Their Possible Mode of Actions. Studies in Natural Products Chemistry, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2024.114502","article-title":"Ultrasound-assisted extraction of bioactive compounds from goji berries: Optimization, bioactivity, and intestinal permeability assessment","volume":"188","author":"Teixeira","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2437397","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/2437397","article-title":"Goji Berries as a Potential Natural Antioxidant Medicine: An Insight into Their Molecular Mechanisms of Action","volume":"2019","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, X., Wang, X., Zheng, Y., and Fu, L. (2025). Advances in the Study of Bioactive Compounds and Nutraceutical Properties of Goji Berry (Lycium barbarum L.). Appl. Sci., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/app15010262"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martinovi\u0107, J., Ambrus, R., Planini\u0107, M., Perkovi\u0107, G., \u0160elo, G., Klari\u0107, A.-M., and Buci\u0107-Koji\u0107, A. (2025). Spray-Drying Microencapsulation of Grape Pomace Extracts with Alginate-Based Coatings and Bioaccessibility of Phenolic Compounds. Gels, 11.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202501.0663.v1"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14059","DOI":"10.1111\/jfpe.14059","article-title":"A review on the encapsulation of bioactive components using spray-drying and freeze-drying techniques","volume":"45","author":"Kandasamy","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Food Process Eng."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.07.030","article-title":"Efficacy of free and encapsulated natural antioxidants in oxidative stability of edible oil: Special emphasis on nanoemulsion-based encapsulation","volume":"91","author":"Sharma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5875","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules20045875","article-title":"The Encapsulation of Anthocyanins from Berry-Type Fruits. Trends in Foods","volume":"20","author":"Robert","year":"2015","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfoodeng.2011.03.004","article-title":"Maltodextrin\/pectin microparticles by spray drying as carrier for nutraceutical extracts","volume":"105","author":"Sansone","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Food Eng."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2024.106302","article-title":"Systematic screening of particle engineered polymers for the preparation of multiparticulates embedded orally disintegrating tablets","volume":"101","author":"Dahmash","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baranauskaite, J., Adomavi\u010di\u016bt\u0117, E., Jankauskait\u0117, V., Marksa, M., Barsteigien\u0117, Z., and Bernatoniene, J. (2019). Formation and Investigation of Electrospun Eudragit E100\/Oregano Mats. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24030628"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohsen, A.M., Nagy, Y.I., Shehabeldine, A.M., and Okba, M.M. (2023). Thymol-Loaded Eudragit RS30D Cationic Nanoparticles-Based Hydrogels for Topical Application in Wounds: In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation. Pharmaceutics, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15010019"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbp.2020.04.011","article-title":"In vitro evaluation of microparticles with Laurus nobilis L. extract prepared by spray-drying for application in food and pharmaceutical products","volume":"122","author":"Chaumun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Bioprod. Process."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.5344\/ajev.1965.16.3.144","article-title":"Colorimetry of Total Phenolics with Phosphomolybdic-Phosphotungstic Acid Reagents","volume":"16","author":"Singleton","year":"1965","journal-title":"Am. J. Enol. Vitic."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2007.03.006","article-title":"Effect of Lactarius piperatus fruiting body maturity stage on antioxidant activity measured by several biochemical assays","volume":"45","author":"Barros","year":"2007","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1006\/abio.1996.0292","article-title":"The Ferric Reducing Ability of Plasma (FRAP) as a Measure of \u201cAntioxidant Power\u201d: The FRAP Assay","volume":"239","author":"Benzie","year":"1996","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teixeira, F., Silva, A.M., Sut, S., Dall\u2019acqua, S., Delerue-Matos, C., Estevinho, B., Costa, P.C., and Rodrigues, F. (2023). Development and Characterization of Microparticles with Actinidia arguta Leaves Extract by Spray-Drying: A New Mind-Set Regarding Healthy Compounds for Oral Mucositis. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12081496"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4345","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00714","article-title":"Microfluidic Particle Engineering of Hydrophobic Drug with Eudragit E100\u2500Bridging the Amorphous and Crystalline Gap","volume":"19","author":"Shikha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2021.121384","article-title":"Pectin microparticles for peptide delivery: Optimization of spray drying processing","volume":"613","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2018.09.086","article-title":"Encapsulation of stevia rebaudiana Bertoni aqueous crude extracts by ionic gelation\u2014Effects of alginate blends and gelling solutions on the polyphenolic profile","volume":"275","author":"Arriola","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1007\/s11947-013-1202-9","article-title":"Encapsulation and Oxidative Stability of PUFA-Rich Oil Microencapsulated by Spray Drying Using Pea Protein and Pectin","volume":"7","author":"Aberkane","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Bioprocess Technol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2018.04.056","article-title":"Bioactive evaluation and application of different formulations of the natural colorant curcumin (E100) in a hydrophilic matrix (yogurt)","volume":"261","author":"Almeida","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crfs.2021.10.001","article-title":"Alginate-based microparticles structured with different biopolymers and enriched with a phenolic-rich olive leaves extract: A physico-chemical characterization","volume":"4","author":"Flamminii","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Res. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stachowiak, N., Kowalonek, J., and Kozlowska, J. (2021). Freeze-Dried Matrices Composed of Degradable Polymers with Surfactant-Loaded Microparticles Based on Pectin and Sodium Alginate. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14113044"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2022.12.292","article-title":"Pectin-based nanoencapsulation strategy to improve the bioavailability of bioactive compounds","volume":"229","author":"Rosales","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1080\/03639045.2020.1716374","article-title":"Oral nanoparticles based on gellan gum\/pectin for colon-targeted delivery of resveratrol","volume":"46","author":"Prezotti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1080\/01635581.2017.1359309","article-title":"Dual Effects of Resveratrol on Cell Death and Proliferation of Colon Cancer Cells","volume":"69","author":"Alcaide","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutr Cancer"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nikam, A., Sahoo, P.R., Musale, S., Pagar, R.R., Paiva-Santos, A.C., and Giram, P.S. (2023). A Systematic Overview of Eudragit\u00ae Based Copolymer for Smart Healthcare. Pharmaceutics, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15020587"}],"container-title":["Foods"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/14\/20\/3504\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T07:53:05Z","timestamp":1760514785000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/14\/20\/3504"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["foods14203504"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/foods14203504","relation":{},"ISSN":["2304-8158"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2304-8158","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]]}}}