{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T06:37:03Z","timestamp":1772779023857,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":125,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761436800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"APTAcoli","award":["PTDC\/CVT-CVT\/4620\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/CVT-CVT\/4620\/2021"]}]},{"name":"FEDER funds","award":["COMPETE2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COMPETE2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES","award":["UIDB\/00511\/2020 (DOI: 10.54499\/UIDB\/00511\/2020)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00511\/2020 (DOI: 10.54499\/UIDB\/00511\/2020)"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES","award":["UIDP\/00511\/2020 (DOI: 10.54499\/UIDP\/00511\/2020)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00511\/2020 (DOI: 10.54499\/UIDP\/00511\/2020)"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES","award":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020 (DOI: 10.54499\/LA\/P\/0045\/2020)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020 (DOI: 10.54499\/LA\/P\/0045\/2020)"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["UIDB\/04469\/2020 (CEB)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04469\/2020 (CEB)"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["2023.04664.BDANA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023.04664.BDANA"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["2023.03705.BDANA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023.03705.BDANA"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["2023.12090.TENURE.026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023.12090.TENURE.026"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["2023.12090.TENURE.027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023.12090.TENURE.027"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["2023.06040.CEECIND"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023.06040.CEECIND"]}]},{"name":"APTAcoli","award":["PTDC\/CVT-CVT\/4620\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/CVT-CVT\/4620\/2021"]}]},{"name":"APTAcoli","award":["PTDC\/CVT-CVT\/4620\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/CVT-CVT\/4620\/2021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Foodborne pathogens represent a significant public health risk in both developed and developing countries. Among these pathogens, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a major cause of diarrhea in humans and one of the leading causes of mortality in newly weaned pigs. The main sources of ETEC contamination include environments with poor hygiene and contaminated water, meat, cereals, and vegetables. Therefore, this review manuscript focuses on the pathogenesis of ETEC in humans and pigs. The main virulence factors responsible for ETEC-associated infections, such as colonization factors and toxins, will be described for both species, with particular emphasis on the toxins as well as, their classification and structural characterization. More specifically, this study will outline the main physiological alterations and adaptive mechanisms induced by these enterotoxins, namely heat-stable toxin (ST) and heat-labile toxin (LT), in the three most affected systems: the gastrointestinal system, the enteric nervous system (ENS), and the immune system. This set of findings provides a deeper insight into the pathogenesis of this relevant foodborne pathogen, which is crucial for empowering food scientists and stakeholders to more effectively mitigate associated risks. As such, it provides valuable understanding of toxin activity, serving as a means to raise awareness of food safety practices and strengthening risk communication, surveillance and intervention strategies, thereby ensuring consumer protection. Additionally, this knowledge enables the development of preventive strategies to reduce ETEC infections, thereby decreasing the need for clinical management among consumers exposed to this bacterium. Ultimately, it contributes to the preservation of public health, the reduction of antimicrobial use, and the lowering of antimicrobial resistance gene prevalence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods14213651","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T02:23:28Z","timestamp":1761704608000},"page":"3651","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["An Asset for Food Safety: The Knowledge Behind the Physiological Alterations Induced by ETEC Enterotoxins"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5663-8087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Margarida","family":"Barros","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinary Research (INIAV), Rua dos Lagidos, 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal"},{"name":"Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1580-5018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Maria","family":"Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinary Research (INIAV), Rua dos Lagidos, 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3221-1681","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana","family":"Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinary Research (INIAV), Rua dos Lagidos, 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9175-4278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinary Research (INIAV), Rua dos Lagidos, 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9830-0367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinary Research (INIAV), Rua dos Lagidos, 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0774-5764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Divanildo","family":"Outor-Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0175-1119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carina","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinary Research (INIAV), Rua dos Lagidos, 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy (LEPABE), Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering (ALiCE), Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2265","article-title":"Molecular Mechanisms of Escherichia coli Pathogenicity","volume":"8","author":"Croxen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro818","article-title":"Pathogenic Escherichia coli","volume":"2","author":"Kaper","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sapountzis, P., Segura, A., Desvaux, M., and Forano, E. (2020). An Overview of the Elusive Passenger in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Cattle: The Shiga Toxin Producing Escherichia coli. Microorganisms, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8060877"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.11.1.142","article-title":"Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli","volume":"11","author":"Nataro","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2021). WHO Preferred Product Characteristics for Vaccines Against Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barros, M.M., Castro, J., Ara\u00fajo, D., Campos, A.M., Oliveira, R., Silva, S., Outor-Monteiro, D., and Almeida, C. (2023). Swine Colibacillosis: Global Epidemiologic and Antimicrobial Scenario. Antibiotics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12040682"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s40813-017-0063-4","article-title":"Swine Enteric Colibacillosis: Diagnosis, Therapy and Antimicrobial Resistance","volume":"3","author":"Luppi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Porc. Health Manag."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zimmerman, J.J., Karriker, L.A., Ramirez, A., Schwartz, K.J., Stevenson, G.W., and Zhang, J. (2019). Colibacillosis. Diseases of Swine, John Wiley & Son.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119350927"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1079\/AHR2005105","article-title":"Escherichia coli in Postweaning Diarrhea in Pigs: An Update on Bacterial Types, Pathogenesis, and Prevention Strategies","volume":"6","author":"Fairbrother","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anim. Health Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castro, J., Barros, M.M., Ara\u00fajo, D., Campos, A.M., Oliveira, R., Silva, S., and Almeida, C. (2022). Swine Enteric Colibacillosis: Current Treatment Avenues and Future Directions. Front. Vet. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.981207"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gyles, C.L., Prescott, J.F., Songer, J.G., and Thoen, C.O. (2010). Escherichia coli. Pathogenesis of Bacterial Infections in Animals, Wiley-Blackwell.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470958209"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2055943","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2022.2055943","article-title":"Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli: Intestinal Pathogenesis Mechanisms and Colonization Resistance by Gut Microbiota","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chatterjee, A., and Abraham, J. (2018). Microbial Contamination, Prevention, and Early Detection in Food Industry. Handbook of Food Bioengineering, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-811515-2.00002-0"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Urban-Chmiel, R., Osek, J., and Wieczorek, K. (2025). Methods of Controlling Microbial Contamination of Food. Pathogens, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14050492"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s41182-025-00710-y","article-title":"Consumer Behavior and Its Role in E. coli Outbreaks: The Impact of Fast-Food Preparation Practices and Hygiene Awareness","volume":"53","author":"Ajekiigbe","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Health"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"V\u00e1zquez-Qui\u00f1ones, C.R., Rinc\u00f3n-Guevara, M., Natividad-Bonifacio, I., V\u00e1zquez-Salinas, C., and Gonz\u00e1lez-M\u00e1rquez, H. (2025). Incidence Rates of Resistant Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in Fresh Vegetables and Salads. Access Microbiol., 7.","DOI":"10.1099\/acmi.0.000957.v3"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2015.1019693","article-title":"Characterization of the Human Gut Microbiome during Travelers\u2019 Diarrhea","volume":"6","author":"Youmans","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"9","article-title":"Norovirus Detection in Shellfish Using Two Real-Time RT-PCR Methods","volume":"34","author":"Suffredini","year":"2011","journal-title":"New Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.54846\/jshap\/365","article-title":"Mechanical Transmission of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli to Weaned Pigs by People, and Biosecurity Procedures That Prevented Such Transmission","volume":"11","author":"Amass","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Swine Health Prod."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, K., Song, M., Liu, Y., and Ji, P. (2022). Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Infection of Weaned Pigs: Intestinal Challenges and Nutritional Intervention to Enhance Disease Resistance. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.885253"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laird, T.J., Abraham, S., Jordan, D., Pluske, J.R., Hampson, D.J., Trott, D.J., and O\u2019Dea, M. (2021). Porcine Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli: Antimicrobial Resistance and Development of Microbial-Based Alternative Control Strategies. Vet. Microbiol., 258.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2021.109117"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 Statement: An Updated Guideline for Reporting Systematic Reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2006.00401.x","article-title":"Weapons of Mass Destruction: Virulence Factors of the Global Killer Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli","volume":"263","author":"Turner","year":"2006","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vidal, R.M., Muhsen, K., Tennant, S.M., Svennerholm, A.M., Sow, S.O., Sur, D., Zaidi, A.K.M., Faruque, A.S.G., Saha, D., and Adegbola, R. (2019). Colonization Factors among Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Isolates from Children with Moderate-to-Severe Diarrhea and from Matched Controls in the Global Enteric Multicenter Study (GEMS). PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007037"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/155.3.377","article-title":"Escherichia coli That Cause Diarrhea: Enterotoxigenic, Enteropathogenic, Enteroinvasive, Enterohemorrhagic, and Enteroadherent","volume":"155","author":"Levine","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2023.11.001","article-title":"Colonization Factors of Human and Animal-Specific Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC)","volume":"32","author":"Svennerholm","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3488","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.02006-05","article-title":"The Major Subunit, CfaB, of Colonization Factor Antigen I from Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli is a Glycosphingolipid Binding Protein","volume":"74","author":"Jansson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jansson, L., Tobias, J., Jarefj\u00e4ll, C., Lebens, M., Svennerholm, A.-M., and Teneberg, S. (2009). Sulfatide Recognition by Colonization Factor Antigen CS6 from Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. PLoS ONE, 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0004487"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07568","article-title":"Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli EtpA Mediates Adhesion between Flagella and Host Cells","volume":"457","author":"Roy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"687","article-title":"A Review of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Infection in Piglets: Public Health Importance","volume":"11","author":"Hartadi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Syst. Rev. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5308","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.02496-14","article-title":"Simultaneous Exposure to Escherichia coli Heat-Labile and Heat-Stable Enterotoxins Increases Fluid Secretion and Alters Cyclic Nucleotide and Cytokine Production by Intestinal Epithelial Cells","volume":"82","author":"Read","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"1","article-title":"Animal Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli","volume":"7","author":"Dubreuil","year":"2016","journal-title":"EcoSalPlus"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1128\/mr.56.4.622-647.1992","article-title":"Structure and Function of Cholera Toxin and the Related Escherichia coli Heat-Labile Enterotoxin","volume":"56","author":"Spangler","year":"1992","journal-title":"Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-03939-9","article-title":"Holotoxin Disassembly by Protein Disulfide Isomerase is Less Efficient for Escherichia coli Heat-Labile Enterotoxin than Cholera Toxin","volume":"12","author":"Serrano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.29.1.91-97.1980","article-title":"Properties of Homogeneous Heat-Labile Enterotoxin from Escherichia coli","volume":"29","author":"Clements","year":"1980","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1586\/14760584.6.5.821","article-title":"Cholera Toxin, LT-I, LT-IIa, and LT-IIb: The Critical Role of Ganglioside-Binding in Immunomodulation by Type I and Type II Heat-Labile Enterotoxins","volume":"6","author":"Connell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Expert. Rev. Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.139.3.859-865.1979","article-title":"Genetic Mapping of Toxin Regulatory Mutations in Vibrio cholerae","volume":"139","author":"Mekalanos","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duan, Q., Xia, P., Nandre, R., Zhang, W., and Zhu, G. (2019). Review of Newly Identified Functions Associated with the Heat-Labile Toxin of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00292"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00076-10","article-title":"Binding to Gangliosides Containing N-Acetylneuraminic Acid is Sufficient to Mediate the Immunomodulatory Properties of the Nontoxic Mucosal Adjuvant LT-IIb(T13I)","volume":"17","author":"Nawar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2012.03.018","article-title":"Evaluation of Heat-Labile Enterotoxins Type IIa and Type IIb in the Pathogenicity of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli for Neonatal Pigs","volume":"159","author":"Casey","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, H., Zhong, Z., Luo, Y., Cox, E., and Devriendt, B. (2019). Heat-Stable Enterotoxins of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and Their Impact on Host Immunity. Toxins, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins11010024"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.21.2.526-531.1978","article-title":"Biological Evaluation of a Methanol-Soluble, Heat-Stable Escherichia coli Enterotoxin in Infant Mice, Pigs, Rabbits, and Calves","volume":"21","author":"Burgess","year":"1978","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1099\/00222615-3-3-403","article-title":"The Effect of Cell-Free Fluids Prepared from Cultures of Human and Animal Enteropathogenic Strains of Escherichia coli on Ligated Intestinal Segments of Rabbits and Pigs","volume":"3","author":"Smith","year":"1970","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1006\/mpat.1997.0177","article-title":"The Heat-Stable Enterotoxins","volume":"24","author":"Nair","year":"1998","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2213","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins2092213","article-title":"Cure and Curse: E. coli Heat-Stable Enterotoxin and Its Receptor Guanylyl Cyclase C","volume":"2","author":"Weiglmeier","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1590\/1414-431X20133063","article-title":"From Escherichia coli Heat-Stable Enterotoxin to Mammalian Endogenous Guanylin Hormones","volume":"47","author":"Lima","year":"2014","journal-title":"Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2121","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.55.9.2121-2125.1987","article-title":"Substitutions of Cysteine Residues of Escherichia coli Heat-Stable Enterotoxin by Oligonucleotide-Directed Mutagenesis","volume":"55","author":"Okamoto","year":"1987","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-143-6-1783","article-title":"Escherichia coli STb Enterotoxin","volume":"143","author":"Dubreuil","year":"1997","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.42.1.264-268.1983","article-title":"Characterization of the Gene Encoding Heat-Stable Toxin II and Preliminary Molecular Epidemiological Studies of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Heat-Stable Toxin II Producers","volume":"42","author":"Lee","year":"1983","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1006\/prep.1993.1035","article-title":"High Yield of Active STb Enterotoxin from a Fusion Protein (MBP-STb) Expressed in Escherichia coli","volume":"4","author":"Handl","year":"1993","journal-title":"Protein Expr. Purif."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.59.1.198-203.1991","article-title":"Production and Purification of Heat-Stable Enterotoxin b from a Porcine Escherichia coli Strain","volume":"59","author":"Dubreuil","year":"1991","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5516","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.173.17.5516-5522.1991","article-title":"Purification and Characterization of Escherichia coli Heat-Stable Enterotoxin II","volume":"173","author":"Fujii","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2057","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.55.9.2057-2060.1987","article-title":"Protease Degradation of Escherichia coli Heat-Stable, Mouse-Negative, Pig-Positive Enterotoxin","volume":"55","author":"Whipp","year":"1987","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870301500305","article-title":"Isolation and Association of Escherichia coli AIDA-I\/STb, Rather than EAST1 Pathotype, with Diarrhea in Piglets and Antibiotic Sensitivity of Isolates","volume":"15","author":"Ngeleka","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3914","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.7.3914-3924.2004","article-title":"Relative Importance of Heat-Labile Enterotoxin in the Causation of Severe Diarrheal Disease in the Gnotobiotic Piglet Model by a Strain of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli That Produces Multiple Enterotoxins","volume":"72","author":"Berberov","year":"2004","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1080\/1040-840291046687","article-title":"Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli Heat-Stable Enterotoxin 1 (EAST1): A New Toxin with an Old Twist","volume":"28","author":"Dubreuil","year":"2002","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1078\/1438-4221-00097","article-title":"Distribution and Expression of the astA Gene (EAST1 Toxin) in Escherichia coli and Salmonella","volume":"291","author":"Dubreuil","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/173.4.1019","article-title":"Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli Heat-Stable Enterotoxin Is Not Restricted to Enteroaggregative E. coli","volume":"173","author":"Savarino","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI115151","article-title":"Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli Elaborate a Heat-Stable Enterotoxin Demonstrable in an in Vitro Rabbit Intestinal Model","volume":"87","author":"Savarino","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/158.1.224","article-title":"Use of DNA Probes and HEp-2 Cell Adherence Assay to Detect Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli","volume":"158","author":"Levine","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2009.10.002","article-title":"Molecular Mechanisms of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Infection","volume":"12","author":"Fleckenstein","year":"2010","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6886","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-34687-7","article-title":"Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Heat-Labile Toxin Drives Enteropathic Changes in Small Intestinal Epithelia","volume":"13","author":"Sheikh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1516","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2006.00736.x","article-title":"Directed Delivery of Heat-Labile Enterotoxin by Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli","volume":"8","author":"Dorsey","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00822-08","article-title":"Heat-Labile Enterotoxin Promotes Escherichia coli Adherence to Intestinal Epithelial Cells","volume":"191","author":"Johnson","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4538","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.emboj.7600471","article-title":"Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Vesicles Target Toxin Delivery into Mammalian Cells","volume":"23","author":"Kesty","year":"2004","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duarte-Mata, D.I., and Salinas-Carmona, M.C. (2023). Antimicrobial Peptides\u2019 Immune Modulation Role in Intracellular Bacterial Infection. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1119574"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2520","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2008.01227.x","article-title":"Bacterial Exotoxins Downregulate Cathelicidin (HCAP-18\/LL-37) and Human Beta-Defensin 1 (HBD-1) Expression in the Intestinal Epithelial Cells","volume":"10","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"407","article-title":"Distribution of Heat-Stable Enterotoxin\/Guanylin Receptors in the Intestinal Tract of Man and Other Mammals","volume":"184","author":"Krause","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Anat."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3729","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.275.6.3729","article-title":"Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator. Structure and Function of an Epithelial Chloride Channel","volume":"275","author":"Akabas","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2835","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2012.07.028","article-title":"The Multiple and Enigmatic Roles of Guanylyl Cyclase C in Intestinal Homeostasis","volume":"586","author":"Arshad","year":"2012","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"38","article-title":"CFTR and Bicarbonate Secretion to Epithelial Cells","volume":"18","author":"Hug","year":"2003","journal-title":"News Physiol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2012.09.026","article-title":"Effects of Escherichia coli Heat-Stable Enterotoxin and Guanylin on the Barrier Integrity of Intestinal Epithelial T84 Cells","volume":"152","author":"Nakashima","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3202","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.8.3202","article-title":"Calcium Influx Mediated by the Escherichia coli Heat-Stable Enterotoxin B (STB)","volume":"90","author":"Dreyfus","year":"1993","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.1997.tb01904.x","article-title":"Involvement of Ca2+ -Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase II in the Intestinal Secretory Action of Escherichia coli Heat-Stable Enterotoxin II","volume":"41","author":"Fujii","year":"1997","journal-title":"Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-79-5-632","article-title":"Enterotoxigenic Intestinal Bacteria in Tropical Sprue","volume":"79","author":"Klipstein","year":"1973","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiab434","article-title":"Pathogens Associated with Linear Growth Faltering in Children With Diarrhea and Impact of Antibiotic Treatment: The Global Enteric Multicenter Study","volume":"224","author":"Nasrin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3961","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00459-07","article-title":"Disease Burden Due to Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in the First 2 Years of Life in an Urban Community in Bangladesh","volume":"75","author":"Qadri","year":"2007","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30483-2","article-title":"Burden of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and Shigella Non-Fatal Diarrhoeal Infections in 79 Low-Income and Lower Middle-Income Countries: A Modelling Analysis","volume":"7","author":"Anderson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/80.1.193","article-title":"Undernutrition as an Underlying Cause of Child Deaths Associated with Diarrhea, Pneumonia, Malaria, and Measles","volume":"80","author":"Caulfield","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MAL-ED Network Investigators (2018). Early Childhood Cognitive Development is Affected by Interactions among Illness, Diet, Enteropathogens and the Home Environment: Findings from the MAL-ED Birth Cohort Study. BMJ Glob. Health, 3, 1\u201311.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2018-000752"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2012.239","article-title":"The Impoverished Gut\u2014A Triple Burden of Diarrhoea, Stunting and Chronic Disease","volume":"10","author":"Guerrant","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29055","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2012480117","article-title":"CEACAMs Serve as Toxin-Stimulated Receptors for Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli","volume":"117","author":"Sheikh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0057221","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00572-21","article-title":"Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Degrades the Host MUC2 Mucin Barrier to Facilitate Critical Pathogen-Enterocyte Interactions in Human Small Intestine","volume":"90","author":"Sheikh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.neo.7900201","article-title":"Deregulated Expression of the Human Tumor Marker CEA and CEA Family Member CEACAM6 Disrupts Tissue Architecture and Blocks Colonocyte Differentiation","volume":"4","author":"Ilantzis","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neoplasia"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1002\/path.3000","article-title":"Anoikis: An Emerging Hallmark in Health and Diseases","volume":"226","author":"Taddei","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm3721","article-title":"Adult Intestinal Stem Cells: Critical Drivers of Epithelial Homeostasis and Regeneration","volume":"15","author":"Barker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00041-21","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00041-21","article-title":"Contribution of Noncanonical Antigens to Virulence and Adaptive Immunity in Human Infection with Enterotoxigenic E. coli","volume":"89","author":"Kuhlmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15064","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0803124105","article-title":"The Inner of the Two Muc2 Mucin-Dependent Mucus Layers in Colon is Devoid of Bacteria","volume":"105","author":"Johansson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.cb.11.110195.002035","article-title":"Transcription Factors Responsive to CAMP","volume":"11","year":"1995","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_90","unstructured":"Lodish, H., Berk, A., Matsudaira, P., Kaiser, C.A., Krieger, M., Scott, M.P., Zipursky, L., and Darnell, J. (2000). Molecular Cell Biology, W.H. Freeman. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sassone-Corsi, P. (2012). The Cyclic AMP Pathway. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol., 4.","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a011148"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8561","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0503363102","article-title":"Gene Expression Patterns Define Key Transcriptional Events in Cell-Cycle Regulation by CAMP and Protein Kinase A","volume":"102","author":"Zambon","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-020-0271-2","article-title":"Enteric Nervous System: Sensory Transduction, Neural Circuits and Gastrointestinal Motility","volume":"17","author":"Spencer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_94","unstructured":"Haller, V. (1755). A Dissertation on the Sensible and Irritable Parts of Animals, J. Nourse."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Furness, J.B. (2006). The Enteric Nervous System, Blackwell.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470988756"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1966.sp007835","article-title":"Transmission from Perivascular Inhibitory Nerves to the Smooth Muscle of the Guinea-Pig Taenia Coli","volume":"182","author":"Bennett","year":"1966","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1967.sp008169","article-title":"Properties of the Inhibitory Potential of Smooth Muscle as Observed in the Response to Field Stimulation of the Guinea-Pig Taenia Coli","volume":"189","author":"Tomita","year":"1967","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1838(00)00127-2","article-title":"Types of Neurons in the Enteric Nervous System","volume":"81","author":"Furness","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Auton. Nerv. Syst."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(08)60241-1","article-title":"Chemical Coding of Enteric Neurons","volume":"68","author":"Costa","year":"1986","journal-title":"Prog. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(96)00275-8","article-title":"Neurochemical Classification of Myenteric Neurons in the Guinea-Pig Ileum","volume":"75","author":"Costa","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4013","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.15-05-04013.1995","article-title":"Long Aboral Projections of Dogiel Type II, AH Neurons within the Myenteric Plexus of the Guinea Pig Small Intestine","volume":"15","author":"Brookes","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0082(97)00051-8","article-title":"Intrinsic Primary Afferent Neurons of the Intestine","volume":"54","author":"Furness","year":"1998","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_103","first-page":"71","article-title":"The Whole Shebang: The Gastrointestinal Tract, Escherichia coli Enterotoxins and Secretion","volume":"14","author":"Dubreuil","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Issues Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.1990.tb01484.x","article-title":"Neuronal Influence on Intestinal Transport","volume":"228","author":"Jodal","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2000.tb05225.x","article-title":"Neurotransmitters in Neuronal Reflexes Regulating Intestinal Secretion","volume":"915","author":"Cooke","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1097\/00001574-200011000-00013","article-title":"The Role of Neuroenteric Hormones in Intestinal Infectious Diseases","volume":"16","author":"Pothoulakis","year":"2000","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G303","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.2001.281.2.G303","article-title":"Microbes and Microbial Toxins: Paradigms for Microbial-Mucosal Interactions. VIII. Pathological Consequences of Rotavirus Infection and Its Enterotoxin","volume":"281","author":"Morris","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.2001.280.5.G787","article-title":"Receptors and Transmission in the Brain-Gut Axis: Potential for Novel Therapies. I. Receptors on Visceral Afferents","volume":"280","author":"Kirkup","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.1994.tb01058.x","article-title":"Effect of 5-Hydroxytryptamine Antagonists on Cholera Toxin-Induced Secretion in the Human Jejunum","volume":"24","author":"Eherer","year":"1994","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/S1438-4221(00)80073-9","article-title":"Enterotoxins and the Enteric Nervous System\u2014A Fatal Attraction","volume":"290","author":"Farthing","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(85)90318-5","article-title":"The Enteric Nervous System Participates in the Secretory Response to the Heat Stable Enterotoxins of Escherichia coli in Rats and Cats","volume":"14","author":"Eklund","year":"1985","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Traserra, S., Casabella-Ram\u00f3n, S., Vergara, P., and Jimenez, M. (2023). E. coli Infection Disrupts the Epithelial Barrier and Activates Intrinsic Neurosecretory Reflexes in the Pig Colon. Front. Physiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2023.1170822"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312-e84","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2982.2009.01385.x","article-title":"Guanylate Cyclase C-Mediated Antinociceptive Effects of Linaclotide in Rodent Models of Visceral Pain","volume":"22","author":"Eutamene","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.4155\/fmc.12.1","article-title":"Recent Advances and New Perspectives in Targeting CFTR for Therapy of Cystic Fibrosis and Enterotoxin-Induced Secretory Diarrheas","volume":"4","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Future Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2010.06.009","article-title":"Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (K88) Induce Proinflammatory Responses in Porcine Intestinal Epithelial Cells","volume":"34","author":"Devriendt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-019-0665-8","article-title":"Toll-like Receptor 5-Mediated IL-17C Expression in Intestinal Epithelial Cells Enhances Epithelial Host Defense against F4+ ETEC Infection","volume":"50","author":"Luo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00707-20","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00707-20","article-title":"Elevated Extracellular CGMP Produced after Exposure to Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Heat-Stable Toxin Induces Epithelial IL-33 Release and Alters Intestinal Immunity","volume":"89","author":"Motyka","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2200221","article-title":"The Adjuvant Combination of DmLT and Monophosphoryl Lipid A Activates the Canonical, Nonpyroptotic NLRP3 Inflammasome in Dendritic Cells and Significantly Interacts to Expand Antigen-Specific CD4 T Cells","volume":"210","author":"Bauer","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hollifield, I.E., Motyka, N.I., Fernando, K.A., and Bitoun, J.P. (2023). Heat-Labile Enterotoxin Decreases Macrophage Phagocytosis of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Microorganisms, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11082121"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2399215","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2024.2399215","article-title":"Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Heat Labile Enterotoxin Affects Neutrophil Effector Functions via CAMP\/PKA\/ERK Signaling","volume":"16","author":"Ma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loos, M., Geens, M., Schauvliege, S., Gasthuys, F., van der Meulen, J., Dubreuil, J.D., Goddeeris, B.M., Niewold, T., and Cox, E. (2012). Role of Heat-Stable Enterotoxins in the Induction of Early Immune Responses in Piglets after Infection with Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0041041"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2012.09.014","article-title":"Optimization of a Small Intestinal Segment Perfusion Model for Heat-Stable Enterotoxin a Induced Secretion in Pigs","volume":"152","author":"Loos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leach, S., Clements, J.D., Kaim, J., and Lundgren, A. (2012). The Adjuvant Double Mutant Escherichia coli Heat Labile Toxin Enhances IL-17A Production in Human T Cells Specific for Bacterial Vaccine Antigens. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0051718"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6884","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2023.09.052","article-title":"Safety, Tolerability, and Immunogenicity of an Oral Inactivated ETEC Vaccine (ETVAX\u00ae) with DmLT Adjuvant in Healthy Adults and Children in Zambia: An Age Descending Randomised, Placebo-Controlled Trial","volume":"41","author":"Sukwa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhuiyan, T.R., Khanam, F., Basher, S.R., Dash, P., Chowdhury, M.I., Haque, S., Harun, N.B., Akter, A., Karmakar, P.C., and Hakim, A. (2025). Safety and Immunogenicity of a Recombinant Double-Mutant Heat-Labile Toxin Derived from Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in Healthy Bangladeshi Adults Delivered by Three Different Routes. Front. Bacteriol., 4.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbrio.2025.1567791"}],"container-title":["Foods"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/14\/21\/3651\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T05:24:37Z","timestamp":1761715477000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/14\/21\/3651"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]]},"references-count":125,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["foods14213651"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/foods14213651","relation":{},"ISSN":["2304-8158"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2304-8158","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]]}}}