{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T18:54:38Z","timestamp":1770144878420,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763683200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT\/MCTES","award":["UIDB\/00690\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00690\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES","award":["UIDP\/00690\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00690\/2020"]}]},{"name":"SusTEC","award":["LA\/P\/0007\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0007\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bee pollen is highly regarded for its nutritional and therapeutic properties, and Tunisia\u2019s diverse ecosystems provide ideal conditions to produce high-quality bee pollen. The aim of this study was to characterize seven polyfloral bee pollen samples from major Tunisian regions, analysing their physicochemical and phytochemical parameters to evaluate compliance with national quality standards and their potential contribution to human nutrition. The nutritional and biochemical characterization of bee pollen samples was performed using standardized methods. Phenolic, flavonoid, and tannin contents were measured by colorimetric assays; carotenoids and chlorophylls spectrophotometrically; amino acids and sugars by HPLC; fatty acids by GC\u2013MS; and minerals by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Amino acid levels were relatively constant between samples, but significant differences (p &lt; 0.05) were noted, with concentrations ranging from 4.93 \u00b1 0.15 mg\u00b7kg\u22121 (K-O4) to 82.72 \u00b1 2.36 mg\u00b7kg\u22121 (O-O4). Tyrosine, aspartic acid, and glutamic acid were the dominant amino acids in both total and free forms, while threonine was identified as the relatively limiting amino acid. The proportion of total essential amino acids (TEAA) to total amino acids (TAA) met the nutritional recommendations set by the FAO. A total of 16 fatty acids were quantified in the seven BP samples, including nine saturated and six unsaturated fatty acids, with total content ranging from 0.26 g\/100 g\u22121 (T-03) to 37.06 g\/100 g\u22121 (G-03), which the primary fatty acids identified were \u03b1-linolenic acid, palmitic acid, and oleic acid. However, palmitoleic acid was detected in only two samples, in small amounts (0.34% and 0.46%). Essential minerals such as K, Ca, P, Mg, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu were present in significant amounts, playing a crucial role in both plant metabolism and human health Despite variations between samples, Tunisian bee pollen was overall evaluated as a valuable dietary supplement.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods14233986","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T08:59:46Z","timestamp":1763715586000},"page":"3986","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Characterization of Multifloral Bee Pollen Collected from Geographically and Botanically Distinct Regions in Tunisia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-1237-3844","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asma","family":"Sakhraoui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Functional Physiology and Valorization of Bio-Resources (LR23ES08), Higher Institute of Biotechnology, University of Jendouba, P.O. Box 382, Cedex Beja 9000, Tunisia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6207-4641","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatma","family":"Arrari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Functional Physiology and Valorization of Bio-Resources (LR23ES08), Higher Institute of Biotechnology, University of Jendouba, P.O. Box 382, Cedex Beja 9000, Tunisia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0777-3738","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anis","family":"Sakhraoui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Production, Laboratory of Agricultural Production Systems and Sustainable Development (SPADD) (LR03AGR02), Higher School of Agriculture of Mograne, Carthage University, Moghrane 1121, Tunisia"},{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Vegetal y Ecolog\u00eda, Universidad de Sevilla, Apartado 1095, 41080 Sevilla, Spain"}]},{"given":"Volkan","family":"Aylanc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIMO, LA SusTEC, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica e Bioqu\u00edmica, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Universidade do Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2387-630X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Shantal","family":"Rodriguez-Flores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Biology and Soil Sciences, Universidade de Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8289-6717","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Carmen","family":"Seijo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Biology and Soil Sciences, Universidade de Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8665-5280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"Vilas-Boas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIMO, LA SusTEC, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4028-7910","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mondher","family":"Mejri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Functional Physiology and Valorization of Bio-Resources (LR23ES08), Higher Institute of Biotechnology, University of Jendouba, P.O. Box 382, Cedex Beja 9000, Tunisia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3735-6951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soraia I.","family":"Falc\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIMO, LA SusTEC, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"91","article-title":"Quality Parameters and Nutritional Value of Different Commercial Bee Products","volume":"67","author":"Dezmirean","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bull. UASVM Anim. Sci. 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