{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T05:25:40Z","timestamp":1765517140621,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765324800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Bio-based Industries Joint Undertaking","award":["101023664"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101023664"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme"},{"name":"Bio-based Industries Consortium"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The wine industry generates significant quantities of agro-industrial waste, with grape pomace representing its main fraction. White grape pomace (WGP), rich in fermentable sugars and lipids, can serve as a substrate for biosurfactant production. In this study, the sugar fraction of WGP was used as substrate to produce sophorolipids (SL), a class of microbial biosurfactants, by the yeast Starmerella bombicola. To examine efficient SL production, both a sugar source and lipid source were examined. Three lipid sources were tested: grape seed oil (GSO) extracted from WGP, spent frying oil (SFO), and rapeseed oil (RO), the later serving as a commercial reference. WGP-aqueous extraction yielded a sugar-rich fraction (WSE, 67% w\/w) comprising ca. 97% carbohydrates, of which 60% were free sugars, mainly glucose and fructose. GSO accounted for 11% of the seeds\u2019 weight and was predominantly composed of esterified linoleic (71%) and oleic (18%) acids. Bola-type SL were produced under optimized shake-flask conditions at 30 \u00b0C and 200 rpm in all WSE conditions, with SFO yielding the highest SL concentration (6.03 g\/L), attributed to its oleic acid richness, and GSO yielding 3.75 g\/L. This work demonstrates the potential of WGP-derived biomolecules as low-cost alternatives to first-generation substrates (commercial glucose and RO) in SL production by S. bombicola, contributing to the development of sustainable biosurfactants that can serve as a green alternative to petroleum-based surfactants, while reducing the environmental footprint of the wine industry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods14244246","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T14:22:40Z","timestamp":1765376560000},"page":"4246","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["From Winery Waste to Biosurfactants: White Grape Pomace Fractionation, Characterization and Bioconversion Towards Sophorolipids"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Joana de Melo","family":"Martins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis (InBio.be), Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Stijn","family":"Bovijn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis (InBio.be), Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5374-2986","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tom","family":"Delmulle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis (InBio.be), Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5314-1697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofie L.","family":"De Maeseneire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis (InBio.be), Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5802-1777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00edsa S.","family":"Serafim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7531-9724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00edlvia","family":"Petronilho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE & CICECO, Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering, University of Aveiro, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7312-1941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wim K.","family":"Soetaert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis (InBio.be), Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Krishnaraj Rathinam, N., and Sani, R.K. 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