{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T12:18:39Z","timestamp":1767615519149,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,4]],"date-time":"2026-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767484800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Projecto de Desenvolvimento de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (PDCT), Angola","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/04129\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/04129\/2025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Raw meat can act as a reservoir and vehicle for antimicrobial-resistant foodborne Escherichia coli, particularly when sold under poor hygienic conditions, as is often the case in informal markets in many developing countries, thereby representing a significant public health risk. This study aimed to characterize the antibiotic resistance patterns and virulence of E. coli isolated from raw meat sold in informal markets in Luanda, Angola. A total of 99 E. coli isolates were recovered from fresh beef, pork and goat meat in five informal markets. DNA macrorestriction analysis by Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) was used to evaluate the genetic diversity of isolates. Multiplex PCR was performed to detect virulent and antibiotic resistance genes. Antibiotic susceptibility was tested using the disk diffusion method. PFGE analysis showed high genotypic diversity. Virulence genes were found in 46% of the isolates, with astA (32.3%) being the most frequent. The results also showed high resistance to cefotaxime (67.7%), ampicillin (56.7%) and amoxicillin\/clavulanic acid (56.6%). Resistance to imipenem, a last-resort antibiotic, was observed in 30.3% of the isolates. The most prevalent resistance genes were CTX-M group 1 (10.1%) and FOX variants (27.3%). The presence of multidrug-resistant and potentially pathogenic E. coli strains in raw meat sold in informal markets in Luanda represents a significant threat to public health. These findings underscore the urgent need to improve surveillance, hygiene practices, and antimicrobial use regulation policies in animal production in Angola.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods15010174","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T10:03:48Z","timestamp":1767607428000},"page":"174","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Multidrug-Resistant and Potentially Pathogenic Escherichia coli Prevalent in Samples of Different Types of Raw Meat Sold in Informal Markets in Luanda, Angola"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2177-8669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gomes","family":"Cahango","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LEAF\u2014Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food Research Center, Associate Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"CNIC\u2014Centro Nacional de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Cient\u00edfica, Minist\u00e9rio do Ensino Superior, Ci\u00eancia, Tecnologia e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o, Avenida Ho Chi Min, Luanda 201, Angola"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1672-1473","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L\u00e9lia","family":"Chambel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BioISI\u2014Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8614-5184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luisa","family":"Brito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEAF\u2014Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food Research Center, Associate Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0822-5549","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ac\u00e1cio","family":"Salamandane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias de Sa\u00fade, Universidade L\u00fario, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Marrere, Nampula 4250, Mozambique"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rajaei, M., Moosavy, M.-H., Gharajalar, S.N., and Khatibi, S.A. (2021). Antibiotic Resistance in the Pathogenic Foodborne Bacteria Isolated from Raw Kebab and Hamburger: Phenotypic and Genotypic Study. BMC Microbiol., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-021-02326-8"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2573","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.5.2573-2585.2005","article-title":"Enteropathogenic and Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli Infections: Translocation, Translocation, Translocation","volume":"73","author":"Garmendia","year":"2005","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.3390\/applmicrobiol2010008","article-title":"Characterization of Escherichia coli from Water and Food Sold on the Streets of Maputo: Molecular Typing, Virulence Genes, and Antibiotic Resistance","volume":"2","author":"Salamandane","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5431","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.67.12.5431-5436.2001","article-title":"Prevalence of Campylobacter Spp., Escherichia coli, and Salmonella Serovars in Retail Chicken, Turkey, Pork, and Beef from the Greater Washington, D.C., Area","volume":"67","author":"Zhao","year":"2001","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4674235","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/4674235","article-title":"Review on Major Food-Borne Zoonotic Bacterial Pathogens","volume":"2020","author":"Abebe","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Trop. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2023.113745","article-title":"Bacterial Profile of Pork from Production to Retail Based on High-Throughput Sequencing","volume":"176","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siluma, B.J., Kgatla, E.T., Nethathe, B., and Ramashia, S.E. (2023). Evaluation of Meat Safety Practices and Hygiene among Different Butcheries and Supermarkets in Vhembe District, Limpopo Province, South Africa. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20032230"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9330701","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/9330701","article-title":"Occurrence of Salmonella in Fresh Foods Sold in the City of Nampula, Northern Mozambique","volume":"2024","author":"Machamba","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Food Qual."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.53388\/FH2023007","article-title":"Poor Hygienic Conditions of Butcheries and High Level of Microbiological Contamination of Meat Sold in Nampula City, Mozambique","volume":"5","author":"Salamandane","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Health"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Habets, A., Touzain, F., Lucas, P., Huong, N.T.T., Iguchi, A., Cromb\u00e9, F., Korsak, N., Pi\u00e9rard, D., Saulmont, M., and Cox, E. (2022). Identification of Five Serotypes of Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli from Diarrheic Calves and Healthy Cattle in Belgium and Comparative Genomics with Shigatoxigenic E. coli. Vet. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci9090492"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rojas-Lopez, M., Monterio, R., Pizza, M., Desvaux, M., and Rosini, R. (2018). Intestinal Pathogenic Escherichia coli: Insights for Vaccine Development. Front. Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00440"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tabaran, A., Soulageon, V., Chirila, F., Reget, O.L., Mihaiu, M., Borzan, M., and Dan, S.D. (2022). Pathogenic E. Coli from Cattle as a Reservoir of Resistance Genes to Various Groups of Antibiotics. Antibiotics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11030404"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4926","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.66.11.4926-4934.2000","article-title":"Persistent Colonization of Sheep by Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Other E. Coli Pathotypes","volume":"66","author":"Cornick","year":"2000","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70122","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.70122","article-title":"Antibiotic Use in Livestock: A Driver of Resistance in Africa and the Path to Safer Alternatives","volume":"14","author":"Alabi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microbiologyopen"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10123-023-00462-x","article-title":"Antimicrobial Use and Resistance in Food Animal Production: Food Safety and Associated Concerns in Sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"27","author":"Odey","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Almansour, A.M., Alhadlaq, M.A., Alzahrani, K.O., Mukhtar, L.E., Alharbi, A.L., and Alajel, S.M. (2023). The Silent Threat: Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens in Food-Producing Animals and Their Impact on Public Health. Microorganisms, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11092127"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.4014\/mbl.1912.12005","article-title":"Characterization of Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli Isolated from Fresh Beef, Pork, and Chicken Meat in Korean Markets","volume":"48","author":"Cho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microbiol. Biotechnol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beshiru, A., Okoh, A.I., and Igbinosa, E.O. (2022). Processed Ready-to-Eat (RTE) Foods Sold in Yenagoa Nigeria Were Colonized by Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli Which Constitute a Probable Hazard to Human Health. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0266059"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saka, H.K., Dabo, N.T., Muhammad, B., Garc\u00eda-Soto, S., Ugarte-Ruiz, M., and Alvarez, J. (2019). Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli Pathotypes from Children Younger than 5 Years in Kano State, Nigeria. Front. Public Health, 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2019.00348"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"9532170","article-title":"Prevalence of Virulence Genes Associated with Diarrheagenic Pathotypes of Escherichia coli Isolates from Water, Sediment, Fish, and Crab in Aby Lagoon, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire","volume":"2","author":"Kambire","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.04.018","article-title":"Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli Is the Predominant Diarrheagenic E. Coli Pathotype among Irrigation Water and Food Sources in South Africa","volume":"278","author":"Aijuka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3612","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-017-2820-4","article-title":"Antimicrobial Resistance in Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli from Ready-to-Eat Foods","volume":"54","author":"Lima","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Food. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2020.2901","article-title":"Genomic Analysis of Antibiotic-Resistant and-Susceptible Escherichia coli Isolated from Bovine Sources in Maputo, Mozambique","volume":"18","author":"Taviani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McIver, K.S., Amoako, D.G., Abia, A.L.K., Bester, L.A., Chenia, H.Y., and Essack, S.Y. (2020). Molecular Epidemiology of Antibiotic-Resistant Escherichia coli from Farm-to-Fork in Intensive Poultry Production in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Antibiotics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9120850"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"(2001). Microbiology of Food and Animal Feeding\u2014Horizontal Method for the Enumeration of Beta-Glucuronidase-Positive Coli\u2014Part 2: Colony-Count Technique at 44 \u00b0C Using-Bromo-4-Chloro-3-Indolyl-D-Glucuronide (Standard No. ISO 16649-2)."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1884452","DOI":"10.1155\/jfq\/1884452","article-title":"Fresh Meat Sold in Five Markets in Luanda (Angola): Food Quality and Safety, Knowledge, and Practices of the Sellers","volume":"2025","author":"Cahango","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Food Qual."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"IANORQ (2011). Microbiological Contaminants for Food\u2014Sanitary Requirements, Norma Angolana."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1080\/03601234.2022.2078627","article-title":"A High Level of Antibiotic Resistance in Klebsiella and Aeromonas Isolates from Street Water Sold in Mozambique, Associated with the Prevalence of Extended-Spectrum and AmpC \u00df-Lactamases","volume":"57","author":"Salamandane","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. Health Part B"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"(2017). PNL05 Standard Operating Procedure for Pulsenet PFGE of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Escherichia coli Non-O157 (STEC), Salmonella Serotypes, Shigella Sonnei and Shigella Flexneri, ResearchGate. CODE: PNL05."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"CLSI (2021). M100 Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing; An Informational Supplement for Global Application Developed through the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute Consensus Process, CLSI."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.7754\/Clin.Lab.2019.190727","article-title":"Molecular Analysis of the Antibiotic Resistant NDM-1 Gene in Clinical Isolates of Enterobacteriaceae","volume":"66","author":"Ejaz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Lab."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2024.114556","article-title":"Metagenomic Analysis of the Bacterial Microbiome, Resistome and Virulome Distinguishes Portuguese Serra Da Estrela PDO Cheeses from Similar Non-PDO Cheeses: An Exploratory Approach","volume":"189","author":"Salamandane","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salamandane, A., Vila-Boa, F., Malfeito-Ferreira, M., and Brito, L.C. (2021). High Fecal Contamination and High Levels of Antibiotic-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae in Water Consumed in the City of Maputo, Mozambique. Biology, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology10060558"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x","article-title":"Multidrug-Resistant, Extensively Drug-Resistant and Pandrug-Resistant Bacteria: An International Expert Proposal for Interim Standard Definitions for Acquired Resistance","volume":"18","author":"Magiorakos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Herrero-Fresno, A., Ahmed, S., Hansen, M.H., Denwood, M., Zachariasen, C., and Olsen, J.E. (2017). Genotype Variation and Genetic Relationship among Escherichia coli from Nursery Pigs Located in Different Pens in the Same Farm. BMC Microbiol., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-016-0912-3"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22939","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.22939","article-title":"Adaptive Tuning of Mutation Rates Allows Fast Response to Lethal Stress in Escherichia coli","volume":"6","author":"Swings","year":"2017","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9978033","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/9978033","article-title":"Microbial- and Plant-Derived Bioactive Peptides and Their Applications against Foodborne Pathogens: Current Status and Future Prospects","volume":"2024","author":"Parvez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1701.P11101","article-title":"Foodborne Illness Acquired in the United States-Major Pathogens","volume":"17","author":"Scallan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjm.2016.10.015","article-title":"Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli","volume":"47","author":"Gomes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2024.47.25.41197","article-title":"Comparative Prevalence of Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli between Children below Five Years with Close Contact to Food Animals in Kisumu County, Kenya","volume":"47","author":"Yeda","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pan Afr. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2016.12.008","article-title":"Comprehensive Expression Analysis of Pathogenicity Genes in Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Strains","volume":"103","author":"Vaca","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, J., Huang, Y., Guan, C., Li, J., Yang, H., Zhao, G., Liu, C., Ma, J., and Tang, B. (2023). Characterization of an Escherichia coli Isolate Coharboring the Virulence Gene AstA and Tigecycline Resistance Gene Tet(X4) from a Dead Piglet. Pathogens, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12070903"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.6865","article-title":"Seroprevalence and Molecular Epidemiology of EAST1 Gene-Carrying Escherichia coli from Diarrheal Patients and Raw Meats","volume":"11","author":"Sukkua","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dev. Ctries."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-14-080","article-title":"Presence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Escherichia coli Recovered from Retail Chicken in China","volume":"77","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2409270","DOI":"10.1155\/ijm\/2409270","article-title":"Antibiotic Resistance in Fermented Foods Chain: Evaluating the Risks of Emergence of Enterococci as an Emerging Pathogen in Raw Milk Cheese","volume":"2024","author":"Chaves","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5649","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1503141112","article-title":"Global Trends in Antimicrobial Use in Food Animals","volume":"112","author":"Brower","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1177\/003335491212700103","article-title":"A Review of Antibiotic Use in Food Animals: Perspective, Policy, and Potential","volume":"127","author":"Landers","year":"2012","journal-title":"Public Health Rep."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2016.01.023","article-title":"Mechanisms of Cephalosporin Resistance in Indicator Escherichia coli Isolated from Food Animals","volume":"194","author":"Lalak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.33073\/pjm-2022-046","article-title":"The Emergence of Colistin- and Imipenem-Associated Multidrug Resistance in Escherichia coli Isolates from Retail Meat","volume":"71","author":"Iweriebor","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pol. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alvisi, G., Curtoni, A., Fonnesu, R., Piazza, A., Signoretto, C., Piccinini, G., Sassera, D., and Gaibani, P. (2025). Epidemiology and Genetic Traits of Carbapenemase-Producing Enterobacterales: A Global Threat to Human Health. Antibiotics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14020141"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ajulo, S., and Awosile, B. (2024). Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS 2022): Investigating the Relationship between Antimicrobial Resistance and Antimicrobial Consumption Data across the Participating Countries. PLoS ONE, 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0297921"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122904","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.122904","article-title":"Persistence and Potential Risks of Tetracyclines and Their Transformation Products in Two Typical Different Animal Manure Composting Treatments","volume":"341","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"1315497","article-title":"Tetracyclines in Food and Feedingstuffs: From Regulation to Analytical Methods, Bacterial Resistance, and Environmental and Health Implications","volume":"2017","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Anal. Methods Chem."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01902-17","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01902-17","article-title":"Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Enterococci Isolated from Retail Meats in the United States, 2002 to 2014","volume":"84","author":"Tyson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clemente, L., Le\u00e3o, C., Moura, L., Albuquerque, T., and Amaro, A. (2021). Prevalence and Characterization of ESBL\/AmpC Producing Escherichia coli from Fresh Meat in Portugal. Antibiotics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10111333"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jaja, I.F., Oguttu, J., Jaja, C.-J.I., and Green, E. (2020). Prevalence and Distribution of Antimicrobial Resistance Determinants of Escherichia coli Isolates Obtained from Meat in South Africa. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0216914"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4236\/ojmm.2019.91001","article-title":"Multi-Drug Resistance Pattern of Lactose Non-Fermenting Escherichia coli as Causative Agent of Urine Tract Infections in Luanda, Angola","volume":"9","author":"Shatalov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Open J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6189","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01201-16","article-title":"High Prevalence of Carbapenemase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae among Hospitalized Children in Luanda, Angola","volume":"60","author":"Kieffer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.09.1441","article-title":"High Prevalence of Antibiotic-Resistant Escherichia coli in Congolese Students","volume":"103","author":"Adedoja","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11488","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-015-4387-9","article-title":"Prevalence and Characteristics of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL)-Producing Enterobacteriaceae Isolated from Rural Well Water in Taian, China, 2014","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bsheal.2024.01.002","article-title":"Current Epidemiologic Features and Health Dynamics of ESBL-Producing Escherichia coli in China","volume":"6","author":"Salman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biosaf. Health"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gundran, R.S., Cardenio, P.A., Villanueva, M.A., Sison, F.B., Benigno, C.C., Kreausukon, K., Pichpol, D., and Punyapornwithaya, V. (2019). Prevalence and Distribution of BlaCTX-M, BlaSHV, BlaTEM Genes in Extended- Spectrum \u03b2- Lactamase- Producing E. coli Isolates from Broiler Farms in the Philippines. BMC Vet. Res., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-019-1975-9"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3027","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00204-13","article-title":"Prevalence of Extended-Spectrum \u03b2-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli on Bavarian Dairy and Beef Cattle Farms","volume":"79","author":"Schmid","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkv489","article-title":"Atypical Epidemiology of CTX-M-15 among Enterobacteriaceae from a High Diversity of Non-Clinical Niches in Angola","volume":"71","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2013.0177","article-title":"High Prevalence and variability of CTX-M-15-Producing and Fluoroquinolone-Resistant Escherichia Observed in Stray Dogs in Rural Angola","volume":"20","author":"Albrechtova","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microb. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S442646","article-title":"CTX-M, TEM, and SHV Genes in Escherichia coli, Klebsiella Pneumoniae, and Enterobacter Spp Isolated from Hematologic Cancer Patients with Bacteremia in Uganda","volume":"17","author":"Lubwama","year":"2024","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.5001\/omj.2018.44","article-title":"First Detection of FOX-1 AmpC \u03b2-Lactamase Gene Expression Among Escherichia coli Isolated from Abattoir Samples in Abakaliki, Nigeria","volume":"33","author":"Chika","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oman Med. J."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0167524","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.01675-24","article-title":"Global Dissemination of Conjugative Virulence Plasmids Co-Harboring Hypervirulence and Multidrug Resistance Genes in Klebsiella Pneumonia","volume":"10","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"mSystems"}],"container-title":["Foods"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/15\/1\/174\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T10:35:13Z","timestamp":1767609313000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/15\/1\/174"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,4]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["foods15010174"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/foods15010174","relation":{},"ISSN":["2304-8158"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2304-8158","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,4]]}}}