{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T11:08:06Z","timestamp":1768216086739,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768003200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Funds from the project MOREPEP","award":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-017638"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-017638"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["UIDB\/50016\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50016\/2025"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Porcine blood is a major slaughterhouse by-product and a sustainable source of high-quality proteins with potential food and nutraceutical applications. This study valorized porcine whole blood (WB, 6.7 \u00b1 0.1% protein) and red cell fraction (CF, 50.4 \u00b1 0.2% protein) through alcalase hydrolysis, generating hydrolysates (WBH and CFH) with bioactive and techno-functional properties. Optimal hydrolysis conditions, defined as enzyme-to-substrate (E\/S) and incubation time yielding the highest degree of hydrolysis (DH) with cost-effective enzyme usage, were 1% E\/S for 4 h (WBH) and 2.5% E\/S for 4 h (CFH). WBH showed a higher DH (59.5 \u00b1 2.6%) than CFH (30.8 \u00b1 3.3%). Antioxidant assays revealed higher ABTS activity in CFH (14.1 vs. 11.1 mg ascorbic acid equivalents\/g, p &lt; 0.05), while both exhibited similar ORAC values (166.8\u2013180.2 mg Trolox equivalents\/g, p &gt; 0.05). After simulated gastrointestinal digestion, ABTS activity was preserved, whereas ORAC decreased (~40%). ACE inhibitory activity was also pronounced, particularly in CFH (IC50 = 59.5 \u00b5g protein\/mL), but digestion converged values between hydrolysates (118\u2013135 \u00b5g protein\/mL). Techno-functional tests showed moderate emulsifying activity (~40%), with CFH displaying markedly higher oil absorption (4.79 vs. 1.31 g oil\/g). Considering the limited information on porcine blood hydrolysates under gastrointestinal conditions, these findings provide new insights into their stability and support their potential as multifunctional ingredients for health-promoting foods and functional formulations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods15020254","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T07:30:34Z","timestamp":1768203034000},"page":"254","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Porcine Blood: An Eco-Efficient Source of Multifunctional Protein Hydrolysates"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4665-1098","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra","family":"Borges","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CBQF\u2014Centro de Biotecnologia e Qu\u00edmica Fina\u2014Laborat\u00f3rio Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Cat\u00f3lica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Joana","family":"Odila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CBQF\u2014Centro de Biotecnologia e Qu\u00edmica Fina\u2014Laborat\u00f3rio Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Cat\u00f3lica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Glenise","family":"Voss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CBQF\u2014Centro de Biotecnologia e Qu\u00edmica Fina\u2014Laborat\u00f3rio Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Cat\u00f3lica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4065-4167","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SEBOL\u2014Com\u00e9rcio e Ind\u00fastria do Sebo, S.A., 2660-119 Loures, Portugal"},{"name":"I.T.S.\u2014Ind\u00fastria Transformadora de Subprodutos S.A., 2100-406 Loures, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7765-8060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SEBOL\u2014Com\u00e9rcio e Ind\u00fastria do Sebo, S.A., 2660-119 Loures, Portugal"},{"name":"I.T.S.\u2014Ind\u00fastria Transformadora de Subprodutos S.A., 2100-406 Loures, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0760-3184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuela","family":"Pintado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CBQF\u2014Centro de Biotecnologia e Qu\u00edmica Fina\u2014Laborat\u00f3rio Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Cat\u00f3lica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spc.2023.03.005","article-title":"Utilizing animal by-products in European slaughterhouses to reduce the environmental footprint of pork products","volume":"37","author":"Knudsen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sustain. 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