{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T06:45:40Z","timestamp":1772779540778,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772582400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"FAPESP","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2023\/00151-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023\/00151-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"FAPESP","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2024\/09858-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024\/09858-2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Gobierno de Aragon"},{"name":"European Social Funds"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Biopolymers are increasingly explored as safer and more sustainable food packaging materials. This study evaluated the migration behavior of intentionally and non-intentionally added substances (IAS and NIAS), as well as the safety of gelatin and xanthan gum blends reinforced with microcrystalline cellulose, with and without oxygen plasma treatment, incorporating glycerol and limonene as plasticizers. Migration tests were conducted according to European Union (EU) Regulation No. 10\/2011 using simulants of different polarities, and IAS\/NIAS were analyzed by gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry and ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography\u2013quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC\u2013MS and UPLC-QTOF-MS). Films containing limonene were also evaluated for antioxidant activity. Results showed that plasticizer migration is strongly influenced by simulant polarity, glycerol predominantly migrated into hydrophilic media, whereas limonene and its derivatives exhibited higher migration in fatty simulants. Ethanol 95% acted as a conservative worst-case simulant, promoting extensive migration, while substantially lower migration levels were observed in isooctane and tenax plasma treatment resulted in modest changes in volatile compound migration, while significantly enhancing the antioxidant activity of limonene-containing films. Although overall migration levels were low under most of the tested conditions, NIAS formation, particularly from limonene degradation, highlights the need to account for chemical stability and simulant type when assessing bio-based films. Overall, the study demonstrates that film composition, surface modification, and simulant characteristics jointly influence migration behavior and functional performance under the evaluated conditions reinforcing the need to adapt current regulatory frameworks to the specific behavior of biopolymeric packaging materials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods15050867","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T13:11:22Z","timestamp":1772716282000},"page":"867","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Assessment of IAS and NIAS in Plasma-Treated Biopolymer Films: Implications for Food Packaging Safety and Quality"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8238-2396","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica Fernanda","family":"Pereira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Department, Center for Exact Sciences, Federal University of Sao Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Lu\u00eds, Km 235, 10 SP-310, Sao Carlos 13565-905, Brazil"},{"name":"Grupo Universitario de Investigaci\u00f3n Anal\u00edtica (GUIA Group), Department of Analytical Chemistry, Aragon Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, Mar\u00eda de Luna, 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain"}]},{"given":"Maciel Lima","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Department, Center for Exact Sciences, Federal University of Sao Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Lu\u00eds, Km 235, 10 SP-310, Sao Carlos 13565-905, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2931-4583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filomena","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo Universitario de Investigaci\u00f3n Anal\u00edtica (GUIA Group), Department of Analytical Chemistry, Aragon Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, Mar\u00eda de Luna, 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2685-5739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Nerin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo Universitario de Investigaci\u00f3n Anal\u00edtica (GUIA Group), Department of Analytical Chemistry, Aragon Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, Mar\u00eda de Luna, 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5548-0166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra Andrea","family":"Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Department, Center for Exact Sciences, Federal University of Sao Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Lu\u00eds, Km 235, 10 SP-310, Sao Carlos 13565-905, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8765-4319","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula","family":"Vera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo Universitario de Investigaci\u00f3n Anal\u00edtica (GUIA Group), Department of Analytical Chemistry, Aragon Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, Mar\u00eda de Luna, 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9998","DOI":"10.1039\/D3RA00430A","article-title":"Gelatin\/carboxymethyl cellulose edible films: Modification of physical properties by different hydrocolloids and application in beef preservation in combination with shallot waste powder","volume":"13","author":"Tran","year":"2023","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5101","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-020-03152-3","article-title":"Characterization of blended cellulose\/biopolymer films prepared using ionic liquid","volume":"27","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cellulose"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10826068.2021.1916755","article-title":"Development of biopolymeric films with addition of vitamin C and catuaba extract as natural antioxidants","volume":"52","author":"Pereira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prep. 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