{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:24:55Z","timestamp":1760243095684,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,22]],"date-time":"2015-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1437523200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Children are very vulnerable to bacterial infections and they are sometimes subject to antimicrobials for healing. The presence of resistance genes may counteract effects of antimicrobials. This work has thereby compared the amount of tetracycline resistance genes, tet(A) and tet(B), between conventional and organic meat-based or vegetable-based baby foods and used the quantification of these genes to assess the presence of tetracycline residues in these samples. Counts of bacteria harboring the tet(A) gene were higher than those containing tet(B), and there was no difference between the organic and the conventional samples. Samples with detectable amounts of tetracycline residues were also positive for the presence of tet genes, and when the presence of the genes was not detected, the samples were also negative for the presence of residues. The percentages of tetracycline residues were higher in organic samples than in conventional ones. It cannot be concluded that organic formulas are safer than conventional ones for the studied parameters.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods4030306","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,22]],"date-time":"2015-07-22T08:45:40Z","timestamp":1437554740000},"page":"306-317","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Assessment of Tetracyclines Residues and Tetracycline Resistant Bacteria in Conventional and Organic Baby Foods"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"M\u00f3nica","family":"Guarddon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Veterinary,  University of Santiago de Compostela, Carballo Calero St., s\/n. 27002-Lugo, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7992-1491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Miranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Veterinary,  University of Santiago de Compostela, Carballo Calero St., s\/n. 27002-Lugo, Spain"}]},{"given":"Beatriz","family":"V\u00e1zquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Veterinary,  University of Santiago de Compostela, Carballo Calero St., s\/n. 27002-Lugo, Spain"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Cepeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Veterinary,  University of Santiago de Compostela, Carballo Calero St., s\/n. 27002-Lugo, Spain"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Franco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Veterinary,  University of Santiago de Compostela, Carballo Calero St., s\/n. 27002-Lugo, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2011.01.098","article-title":"Multiresidue determination of fluoroquinolone antimicrobials in baby foods by liquid chromatography","volume":"127","author":"Marazuela","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Shea, K., Florini, K., and Barlam, T. (2001). When Wonder Drugs Don\u2019T Work, Enviromental Defense. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2012.132","article-title":"Infant antibiotic exposures and early-life body mass","volume":"37","author":"Trasande","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1301\/002966402320289395","article-title":"From the farm to the kitchen table: The negative impact of antimicrobial use in animals on humans","volume":"60","author":"Hamer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1016\/S0399-077X(04)00182-9","article-title":"Human health impact from antimicrobial use in food animals","volume":"34","author":"Tollefson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Med. Maladies Infect."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-7843.2005.pto960401.x","article-title":"Veterinary drug usage and antimicrobial resistance in bacteria of animal origin","volume":"96","author":"Aarestrup","year":"2005","journal-title":"Basic Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2451","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-68.11.2451","article-title":"Salmonella prevalence in free-range and certified organic chickens","volume":"68","author":"Bailey","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Food Protect"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"(2008). Commission Regulation (EC) No 889\/2008 of 5 September 2008 laying down detailed rules for the implementation of Council Regulation (EC) No 834\/2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products with regard to organic production, labelling and control. Off. J. Eur. Communities, 8, 1\u2013115."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1080\/10408690490911846","article-title":"Organic food: Buying more safety or just peace of mind? A critical review of the literature","volume":"46","author":"Magkos","year":"2006","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268809002635","article-title":"Comparison of the prevalence of bacterial enteropathogens, potentially zoonotic bacteria and bacterial resistance to antimicrobials in organic and conventional poultry, swine and beef production: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"137","author":"Young","year":"2009","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2007.06.003","article-title":"Estimating the use of veterinary medicines in the European union","volume":"50","author":"Kools","year":"2008","journal-title":"Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"European Medicines Agency, European Surveillance of Veterinary Antimicrobial Consumption Sales of Veterinary Antimicrobial Agents in 26 EU\/EEA Countries in 2012. Available online: http:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/docs\/en_GB\/document_library\/Report\/2014\/10\/WC500175671.pdf."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.65.2.232-260.2001","article-title":"Tetracycline antibiotics: Mode of action, applications, molecular biology, and epidemiology of bacterial resistance","volume":"65","author":"Chopra","year":"2001","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkl294","article-title":"The prevalence of, associations between and conjugal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes in Escherichia coli isolated from Norwegian meat and meat products","volume":"58","author":"Sunde","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemoth."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro844","article-title":"DNA uptake during Bacterial Transformation","volume":"2","author":"Chen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12076","article-title":"Prevalence and Molecular Characteristics of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Organic Pig Herds in the Netherlands","volume":"61","author":"Tulinski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2011.12.042","article-title":"Multiclass method for fast determination of veterinary drug residues in baby food by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"132","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.02.026","article-title":"Real-Time polymerase chain reaction for the quantitative detection of tetA and tetB bacterial tetracycline resistance genes in food","volume":"146","author":"Guarddon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"European Commission (2009). Regulation (EC) No 470\/2009 of the european parliament and of the council of 6 May 2009 laying down Community procedures for the establishment of residue limits of pharmacologically active substances in foodstuffs of animal origin, repealing Council Regulation (EEC) No 2377\/90 and amending Directive 2001\/82\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council and Regulation (EC) No 726\/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council. Off. J. Eur. Union, L152, 11\u201322."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"1026","article-title":"Kinetic PCR analysis\u2014Real-time monitoring of DNA amplification reactions","volume":"11","author":"Higuchi","year":"1993","journal-title":"Biotechnology"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-70.4.1021","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in Enterococcus spp. strains isolated from organic chicken, conventional chicken, and turkey meat: A comparative survey","volume":"70","author":"Miranda","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2007.05.002","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in Enterobacteriaceae strains isolated from organic chicken, conventional chicken and conventional turkey meat: A comparative survey","volume":"19","author":"Miranda","year":"2008","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2008.0181","article-title":"Prevalence of zoonotic or potentially zoonotic bacteria, antimicrobial resistance, and somatic cell counts in organic dairy production: Current knowledge and research gaps","volume":"6","author":"Wilhelm","year":"2009","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2009.01.020","article-title":"Influence of farming methods on microbiological contamination and prevalence of resistance to antimicrobial drugs in isolates from beef","volume":"82","author":"Miranda","year":"2009","journal-title":"Meat Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-67.6.1104","article-title":"Comparison of antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bulk tank milk in organic and conventional dairy herds in the midwestern United States and Denmark","volume":"67","author":"Sato","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Food Protect."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"DANMAP 2012\u2014Use of Antimicrobial Agents and Occurrence of Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacteria from Food Animals, Food and Humans in Denmark. Available online: http:\/\/www.danmap.org\/Downloads\/~\/media\/Projekt%20sites\/Danmap\/DANMAP%20reports\/DANMAP%202012\/Danmap_2012.ashx."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(02)00263-8","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance and resistance gene determinants in clinical Escherichia coli from different animal species in Switzerland","volume":"91","author":"Lanz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.09.066","article-title":"Resistance gene patterns of tetracycline resistant Escherichia coli of human and porcine origin","volume":"142","author":"Schwaiger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-72.5.1082","article-title":"Detection of multiple-antimicrobial resistance and characterization of the implicated genes in Escherichia coli isolates from foods of animal origin in Tunis","volume":"72","author":"Jouini","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Food Protect"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(03)00123-8","article-title":"Susceptibility of Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecium isolated from pigs and broiler chickens to tetracycline degradation products and distribution of tetracycline resistance determinants in E. coli from food animals","volume":"95","author":"Sengelov","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2006.12.005","article-title":"Multiplex real-time SYBR Green IPCR assay for detection of tetracycline efflux genes of Gram-negative bacteria","volume":"21","author":"Fan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Probes"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M372","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3841.2012.02777.x","article-title":"Direct quantification and distribution of tetracycline-resistant genes in meat samples by real-time polymerase chain reaction","volume":"77","author":"Guarddon","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1234","article-title":"Mechanisms of, and barriers to, horizontal gene transfer between bacteria","volume":"3","author":"Thomas","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2006.05.008","article-title":"Effect of tetracycline residues in pig manure slurry on tetracycline-resistant bacteria and resistance gene tet(M) in soil microcosms","volume":"32","author":"Agerso","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S107","DOI":"10.1086\/340247","article-title":"Uses of antimicrobials in plant agriculture","volume":"34","author":"Vidaver","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkg483","article-title":"Does the use of antibiotics in food animals pose a risk to human health? A critical review of published data","volume":"53","author":"Phillips","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"1129","article-title":"Agricultural use of antibiotics and the evolution and transfer of antibiotic-resistant bacteria","volume":"159","author":"Khachatourians","year":"1998","journal-title":"Can. Med. Assoc. J."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2651","DOI":"10.1021\/es0680156","article-title":"Comment on \u201cAntibiotic resistance genes as emerging contaminants: Studies in Northern Colorado\u201d","volume":"41","author":"McGowan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"(2010). Commission Regulation (EU) No 37\/2010 on pharmacologically active substances and their classification regarding maximum residue limits in foodstuffs of animal origin. Off. J. Eur. Union, L15, 1\u201372."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.31.1.2104","article-title":"Use of antibiotics in plant agriculture","volume":"31","author":"Stockwell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev Sci. Tech."}],"container-title":["Foods"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/4\/3\/306\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T20:49:35Z","timestamp":1760215775000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/4\/3\/306"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,22]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]}},"alternative-id":["foods4030306"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/foods4030306","relation":{},"ISSN":["2304-8158"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2304-8158"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,22]]}}}