{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T22:21:15Z","timestamp":1773181275035,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,23]],"date-time":"2022-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669161600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["UIDB\/04004\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04004\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["UIDB\/00283\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00283\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Forensic Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The estimation of biological sex is of paramount relevance in the analysis of skeletal remains recovered in forensic contexts. This study aims to assess sexual dimorphism for identification purposes, from two reference samples of the Portuguese population, and a depiction of the size- and shape-related sexual dimorphism of the human scapula using geometric morphometrics approaches. The sample comprised 211 individuals (100 males and 111 females). A generalized Procrustes analysis (GPA) was performed for shape analyses, a principal component analysis (PCA) and a Procrustes ANOVA were implemented on the GPA transformed variables, and a discriminant analysis was used to assess the cross-validated accuracy of sex estimates. The data showed that male scapulae were larger, with medial and lateral curves more pronounced and an inferior angle more acute than females. The males and females were classified with low accuracy (66.82% and 65.88% for landmarks and semi-landmarks data) based on shape. Combining size and shape variables improved the accuracy of the prediction using landmarks data (80.09%). A combination of both variables might improve the chances of the geometric morphometrics methodology in correctly estimating the sex of unidentified individuals, especially if the skeletal elements show low sexual shape dimorphism.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/forensicsci2040056","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]],"date-time":"2022-11-24T03:58:16Z","timestamp":1669262296000},"page":"780-794","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Sexual Dimorphism of the Human Scapula: A Geometric Morphometrics Study in Two Portuguese Reference Skeletal Samples"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"2","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1378-3281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R\u00faben","family":"Maranho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Forensic Anthropology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Cal\u00e7ada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2437-7780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Teresa","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Forensic Anthropology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Cal\u00e7ada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Cal\u00e7ada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0480-209X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Curate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Forensic Anthropology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Cal\u00e7ada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Research Centre for Anthropology and Health (CIAS), Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, Rua Arco da Trai\u00e7\u00e3o 7, 3000-056 Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Christensen, A.M., Passalacqua, N.V., and Bartelink, E.J. 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