{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T16:43:59Z","timestamp":1768841039934,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,7]],"date-time":"2021-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638835200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/50008\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50008\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04106\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04106\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Fractal Fract"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A Caputo-type fractional-order mathematical model for \u201cmetapopulation cholera transmission\u201d was recently proposed in [Chaos Solitons Fractals 117 (2018), 37\u201349]. A sensitivity analysis of that model is done here to show the accuracy relevance of parameter estimation. Then, a fractional optimal control (FOC) problem is formulated and numerically solved. A cost-effectiveness analysis is performed to assess the relevance of studied control measures. Moreover, such analysis allows us to assess the cost and effectiveness of the control measures during intervention. We conclude that the FOC system is more effective only in part of the time interval. For this reason, we propose a system where the derivative order varies along the time interval, being fractional or classical when more advantageous. Such variable-order fractional model, that we call a FractInt system, shows to be the most effective in the control of the disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/fractalfract5040261","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,7]],"date-time":"2021-12-07T03:21:05Z","timestamp":1638847265000},"page":"261","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Fractional-Order Modelling and Optimal Control of Cholera Transmission"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5153-4879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silv\u00e9rio","family":"Rosa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es (IT) and Department of Mathematics, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8641-2505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Delfim F. M.","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research and Development in Mathematics and Applications (CIDMA), Department of Mathematics, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Podlubny, I. (1999). Fractional Differential Equations, Mathematics in Science and Engineering; Academic Press, Inc."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/s12190-018-1176-x","article-title":"Computational algorithm for solving singular Fredholm time-fractional partial integrodifferential equations with error estimates","volume":"59","author":"Arqub","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Appl. Math. 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