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The increasing prioritisation of know-why over know-how approaches in biological research has favoured the rising use of both white- and black-box mathematical techniques for cancer modelling, seeking to better grasp the multi-scale mechanistic workings of its complex phenomena (such as tumour-immune interactions, drug resistance, tumour growth and diffusion, etc.). In light of this wide-ranging use of mathematics in cancer modelling, the unique memory and non-local properties of Fractional Calculus (FC) have been sought after in the last decade to replace ordinary differentiation in the hypothesising of FC\u2019s superior modelling of complex oncological phenomena, which has been shown to possess an accumulated knowledge of its past states. As such, this review aims to present a thorough and structured survey about the main guiding trends and modelling categories in cancer research, emphasising in the field of oncology FC\u2019s increasing employment in mathematical modelling as a whole. The most pivotal research questions, challenges and future perspectives are also outlined.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/fractalfract7080595","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]],"date-time":"2023-08-01T09:24:24Z","timestamp":1690881864000},"page":"595","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["An Overview of Mathematical Modelling in Cancer Research: Fractional Calculus as Modelling Tool"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Louren\u00e7o C\u00f4rte","family":"Vieira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IDMEC, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7539-488X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael S.","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IDMEC, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE, DQ, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9388-4308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Duarte","family":"Val\u00e9rio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IDMEC, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012018","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1366\/1\/012018","article-title":"Mathematical Modelling of Cancer Growth Process: A Review","volume":"1366","author":"Tabassum","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. 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