{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T16:39:40Z","timestamp":1772123980855,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,22]],"date-time":"2022-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647907200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/50022\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50022\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/50009\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50009\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/EME-SIS\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/EME-SIS\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/144688\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/144688\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Fuels"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The expansion of the research on nanoscale particles demonstrates several advantages in terms of stability and an increased surface area to volume ratio compared to micron-sized particles. Based on this, the present work explores the addition of aluminum particles in hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO), an alternative jet fuel. To evaluate the influence of particle sizes, nano and micron particles (40 nm and 5 \u03bcm) in a particle concentration of 0.5 wt.% were stably suspended in HVO. This study evaluates droplet combustion with an initial diameter of 250 \u03bcm in a drop tube furnace under different furnace temperatures (600, 800, 1000 \u00b0C). A high magnification lens coupled with a high-speed camera provides qualitative and quantitative data regarding droplet size evolution and micro-explosions. Pure HVO and Jet A-1 were also tested for comparison purposes. The results reveal that the addition of aluminum particles enhances the alternative jet fuel combustion. Furthermore, decreasing the particle size and increasing the furnace temperature enhances the burning rate compared to the pure HVO. Pure HVO presents a burning rate nearly to 1.75 mm2\/s until t\/D02 = 0.35 s\/mm2 at T = 1000 \u00b0C. When nanoparticles are added to HVO in a particle concentration of 0.5 wt.%, an improvement of 24% in burning rate is noticed. Conventional jet fuel and pure HVO do not present any disruptive burning phenomena. However, when aluminum particles were added to HVO, micro-explosions were detected at the end of droplet lifetime, regardless of the particle size.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/fuels3020012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,22]],"date-time":"2022-03-22T14:55:35Z","timestamp":1647960935000},"page":"184-206","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["The Addition of Particles to an Alternative Jet Fuel"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4391-8930","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In\u00eas A. S.","family":"Ferr\u00e3o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Aeronautics and Astronautics Research Center (AEROG)\u2014LAETA, Universidade da Beira Interior, Cal\u00e7ada Fonte do Lameiro 6, 6200-358 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"IDMEC-LAETA, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Innovation, Technology and Policy Research (IN<sup>+<\/sup>)\u2014LARSyS, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9817-2334","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel A. A.","family":"Mendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IDMEC-LAETA, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9801-7617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana S. O. H.","family":"Moita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Innovation, Technology and Policy Research (IN<sup>+<\/sup>)\u2014LARSyS, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o, Desenvolvimento e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o da Academia Militar (CINAMIL), Portuguese Military Academy, R. Gomes Freire 203, 1169-203 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4901-7140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9 R. R.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aeronautics and Astronautics Research Center (AEROG)\u2014LAETA, Universidade da Beira Interior, Cal\u00e7ada Fonte do Lameiro 6, 6200-358 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"663","article-title":"Combustion of aluminized solid propellants","volume":"Volume 185","author":"Price","year":"2000","journal-title":"Solid Propellant Chemistry, Combustion, and Motor Interior Ballistics (Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics)"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1134\/S0010508213060014","article-title":"Nanoparticles of energetic materials: Synthesis and properties","volume":"49","author":"Berner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Combust. Explos. 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