{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:57:41Z","timestamp":1760147861629,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":147,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,10]],"date-time":"2023-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FEDER\u2014Fundo Europeu de Desenvolimento Regional","award":["UIDB\/4255\/2020","LA\/P\/0053\/2020","IF\/00092\/2014\/CP1255\/CT0004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/4255\/2020","LA\/P\/0053\/2020","IF\/00092\/2014\/CP1255\/CT0004"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese funds through FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["UIDB\/4255\/2020","LA\/P\/0053\/2020","IF\/00092\/2014\/CP1255\/CT0004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/4255\/2020","LA\/P\/0053\/2020","IF\/00092\/2014\/CP1255\/CT0004"]}]},{"name":"FCT and FEDER (European Union)","award":["UIDB\/4255\/2020","LA\/P\/0053\/2020","IF\/00092\/2014\/CP1255\/CT0004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/4255\/2020","LA\/P\/0053\/2020","IF\/00092\/2014\/CP1255\/CT0004"]}]},{"name":"CHAIR in Onco-Innovation at FMUP","award":["UIDB\/4255\/2020","LA\/P\/0053\/2020","IF\/00092\/2014\/CP1255\/CT0004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/4255\/2020","LA\/P\/0053\/2020","IF\/00092\/2014\/CP1255\/CT0004"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Future Pharmacology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The proper drug choice determines the treatment quality for a disease. The pharmacotherapeutic strategy for respiratory diseases often involves the combination of different drugs with different mechanisms of action. Salbutamol is a short-acting \u03b22-agonist (SABA) used as a reliever in the treatment of asthma and is frequently paired with inhaled corticosteroids (ICS). Indeed, drug\u2013drug interactions (DDI) receive special attention as they are some of the most common causes of adverse effects and can lead to increased morbidity and mortality. DDIs can occur in patients undergoing polytherapy at the pharmacokinetic (PK) or pharmacodynamic (PD) level. Given this, the interaction of salbutamol with other drugs has been extensively explored in terms of PD and PK since its introduction into the pharmaceutical market. To date, more than a thousand salbutamol interactions have been reported. Here, we propose to review some interactions of salbutamol with other drugs such as beta-blockers, anticholinergics, other classes of bronchodilators, corticosteroids, and others, and point out significant gaps in the knowledge of DDI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/futurepharmacol3010019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,10]],"date-time":"2023-03-10T03:35:42Z","timestamp":1678419342000},"page":"296-316","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Unraveling the Impact of Salbutamol Polytherapy: Clinically Relevant Drug Interactions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7003-4957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lara","family":"Marques","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"OncoPharma Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Doutor Pl\u00e1cido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Celas, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"CINTESIS@RISE, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hern\u00e2ni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1283-1042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuno","family":"Vale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"OncoPharma Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Doutor Pl\u00e1cido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"CINTESIS@RISE, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hern\u00e2ni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, Health Information and Decision (MEDCIDS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Rua Doutor Pl\u00e1cido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peng, Y., Cheng, Z., and Xie, F. (2021). Evaluation of Pharmacokinetic Drug-Drug Interactions: A Review of the Mechanisms, In Vitro and In Silico Approaches. Metabolites, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo11020075"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.1434","article-title":"Pharmacodynamic Drug\u2013Drug Interactions","volume":"105","author":"Niu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1517\/17425255.1.4.641","article-title":"Functional Interactions between P-Glycoprotein and CYP3A in Drug Metabolism","volume":"1","author":"Haschke","year":"2005","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Metab. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1197\/j.aem.2005.06.027","article-title":"Bench to Bedside: Pharmacogenomics, Adverse Drug Interactions, and the Cytochrome P450 System","volume":"12","author":"Sikka","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acad. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)11203-7","article-title":"Clinical Importance of the Cytochromes P450","volume":"360","author":"Nebert","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-3619(08)70872-4","article-title":"The Challenge of Managing Drug Interactions in Elderly People","volume":"2008","author":"Thiers","year":"2008","journal-title":"Yearb. Dermatol. Dermatol. Surg."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1080\/17476348.2018.1442216","article-title":"Dual LABA\/LAMA Bronchodilators in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Why, When, and How","volume":"12","author":"Calzetta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crphar.2020.100009","article-title":"Drug Interaction and Chronic Obstructive Respiratory Disorders","volume":"2","author":"Rogliani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Res. Pharmacol. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2015.05.020","article-title":"Pharmacological Interaction between LABAs and LAMAs in the Airways: Optimizing Synergy","volume":"761","author":"Calzetta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"DrugBank Online (2022, October 07). Salbutamol: Uses, Interactions, Mechanism of Action\u2014DrugBank Online. Available online: https:\/\/go.drugbank.com\/drugs\/DB01001."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1875-9114.1984.tb03330.x","article-title":"Albuterol: An Adrenergic Agent for Use in the Treatment of Asthma Pharmacology, Pharmacokinetics and Clinical Use","volume":"4","author":"Ahrens","year":"1984","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.1986.tb02939.x","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of Intravenous and Oral Salbutamol and Its Sulphate Conjugate","volume":"22","author":"Morgan","year":"1986","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.99.13612369","article-title":"Stereoselective Pharmacokinetics of S-Salbutamol after Administration of the Racemate in Healthy Volunteers","volume":"13","author":"Schmekel","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1913","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.119.6.1913","article-title":"Status Asthmaticus in Children: A Review","volume":"119","author":"Werner","year":"2001","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.2165\/00044011-200727020-00004","article-title":"Retrospective Evaluation of Adverse Drug Reactions Induced by Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs","volume":"27","author":"Gallelli","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Drug Investig."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"503","article-title":"Retrospective Analysis of Adverse Drug Reactions to Bronchodilators Observed in Two Pulmonary Divisions of Catanzaro, Italy","volume":"48","author":"Gallelli","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/S1043661802002104","article-title":"Adverse Drug Reactions to Antibiotics Observed in Two Pulmonology Divisions of Catanzaro, Italy: A Six-year Retrospective Study","volume":"46","author":"Gallelli","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"600","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic Drug-Drug Interaction and Their Implication in Clinical Management","volume":"18","author":"Palleria","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Res. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1177\/8755122518788809","article-title":"Drug Interactions With Oral Inhaled Medications","volume":"34","author":"Ajimura","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Technol."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"(2022, October 15). 2022 GINA Main Report \u2013 Global Initiative for Asthma Guidelines \u2013 GINA. Available online: https:\/\/ginasthma.org\/gina-reports\/."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1093\/fampra\/cmab013","article-title":"Over-Prescription of Short-Acting Beta Agonists in the Treatment of Asthma","volume":"38","author":"Werkhoven","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fam. Pract."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.306.6877.543","article-title":"Interaction and Dose Equivalence of Salbutamol and Salmeterol in Patients with Asthma","volume":"306","author":"Smyth","year":"1993","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.2165\/00044011-199714050-00009","article-title":"Comparative Pharmacology of Salmeterol and Formoterol and Their Interaction with Salbutamol in Healthy Volunteers","volume":"14","author":"Blom","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin. Drug Investig."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2005.07.005","article-title":"Formoterol Induces Tolerance to the Bronchodilating Effect of Salbutamol Following Methacholine-Provocation Test in Asthmatic Children","volume":"19","author":"Adler","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pulm. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"DrugBank Online (2023, March 07). Indacaterol: Uses, Interactions, Mechanism of Action\u2014DrugBank Online. Available online: https:\/\/go.drugbank.com\/drugs\/DB05039."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.02.008","article-title":"Chronic Treatment with Indacaterol and Airway Response to Salbutamol in Stable COPD","volume":"107","author":"Cazzola","year":"2013","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1080\/26895293.2020.1846084","article-title":"Albuterol combined with tiotropium bromide to improve the conditions and pulmonary functions of patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"13","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"All Life"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(98)70054-X","article-title":"Randomized Controlled Trial of Ipratropium Bromide and Frequent Low Doses of Salbutamol in the Management of Mild and Moderate Acute Pediatric Asthma","volume":"133","author":"Ducharme","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1136\/emermed-2018-207608.1","article-title":"Towards Evidence Based Emergency Medicine: Best BETs from the Manchester Royal Infirmary","volume":"35","author":"Horner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-6749(88)90214-X","article-title":"Frequent Administration by Inhalation of Salbutamol and Ipratropium Bromide in the Initial Management of Severe Acute Asthma in Children","volume":"81","author":"Reisman","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02758300","article-title":"Randomized Controlled Trial of Ipratropium Bromide and Salbutamol versus Salbutamol Alone in Children with Acute Exacerbation of Asthma","volume":"73","author":"Chakraborti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Indian J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"200","article-title":"Efficacy of Salbutamol\u2014Ipratropium Bromide Nebulization Compared to Salbutamol Alone in Children with Mild to Moderate Asthma Attacks","volume":"52","author":"Harumdini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Paediatr. Indones."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1418","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(89)90126-8","article-title":"Nebulised Salbutamol With and Without Ipratropium Bromide in Acute Airflow Obstruction","volume":"333","author":"Horsley","year":"1989","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.3109\/02770903.2011.555037","article-title":"Inhaled Salbutamol plus Ipratropium in Moderate and Severe Asthma Crises in Children","volume":"48","author":"Iramain","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Asthma"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1080\/02770903.2017.1396474","article-title":"Chinese Guidelines for Childhood Asthma 2016: Major Updates, Recommendations and Key Regional Data","volume":"55","author":"Hong","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Asthma"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1159\/000111817","article-title":"Efficacy of salbutamol and ipratropium bromide in the management of acute bronchiolitis--a clinical trial","volume":"76","author":"Karadag","year":"2008","journal-title":"Respiration"},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"(2022, October 07). Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma 2007 (EPR-3)\u2014NHLBI, NIH, Available online: https:\/\/www.nhlbi.nih.gov\/health-topics\/guidelines-for-diagnosis-management-of-asthma."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"234","article-title":"Combined Inhaled Anticholinergics and Short-Acting Beta2-Agonists for Initial Treatment of Acute Asthma in Children","volume":"14","author":"Griffiths","year":"2013","journal-title":"Paediatr. Respir. Rev."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, H., Tong, L., Gao, P., Hu, Y., Wang, H., Chen, Z., and Fang, L. (2021). Combination of Ipratropium Bromide and Salbutamol in Children and Adolescents with Asthma: A Meta-Analysis. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0237620"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"CD001284","article-title":"Combined Inhaled Beta-Agonist and Anticholinergic Agents for Emergency Management in Adults with Asthma","volume":"2017","author":"Kirkland","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.50.8.834","article-title":"Comparison of Nebulised Salbutamol and Ipratropium Bromide with Salbutamol Alone in the Treatment of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease","volume":"50","author":"Moayyedi","year":"1995","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(05)81472-6","article-title":"Decreased Duration of Emergency Department Treatment of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Exacerbations with the Addition of Ipratropium Bromide to \u03b2-Agonist Therapy","volume":"20","author":"Shrestha","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ann. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/0007-0971(86)90039-2","article-title":"Combination of Oxitropium Bromide and Salbutamol in the Treatment of Asthma with Pressurized Aerosols","volume":"80","author":"Taitinen","year":"1986","journal-title":"Br. J. Dis. Chest"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-6749(92)90374-B","article-title":"Separate and Combined Effects of Corticosteroids and Bronchodilators on Airflow Obstruction and Airway Hyperresponsiveness in Asthma","volume":"89","author":"Wempe","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"(2023, January 14). Methacholine Challenge Test. Available online: https:\/\/www.lung.org\/lung-health-diseases\/lung-procedures-and-tests\/methacholine-challenge-test."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e001077","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjresp-2021-001077","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of As-Needed Albuterol\/Budesonide versus Albuterol in Adults and Children Aged \u22654 Years with Moderate-to-Severe Asthma: Rationale and Design of the Randomised, Double-Blind, Active-Controlled MANDALA Study","volume":"8","author":"Chipps","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open Respir. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2071","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2203163","article-title":"Albuterol\u2013Budesonide Fixed-Dose Combination Rescue Inhaler for Asthma","volume":"386","author":"Papi","year":"2022","journal-title":"New Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.12669\/pjms.38.6.5718","article-title":"Effects of Budesonide Combined with Salbutamol on Pulmonary Function and Peripheral Blood Eosinophiles and IgE in Patients with Acute Attack of Bronchial Asthma","volume":"38","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pak. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1111\/bcpt.12686","article-title":"Distinct Metabolic Profile of Inhaled Budesonide and Salbutamol in Asthmatic Children during Acute Exacerbation","volume":"120","author":"Bo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.3109\/02770909509089496","article-title":"A Double-Blind, Cross-over Study Using Salbutamol, Beclomethasone, and a Combination of Both in Bronchial Asthma","volume":"32","author":"Aldrey","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Asthma"},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"119","article-title":"A Comparison of Inhaled Salbutamol with a Combination of Salbutamol and Beclomethasone Dipropionate in Moderately Severe Asthma","volume":"36","author":"Chhabra","year":"1994","journal-title":"Indian J. Chest Dis. Allied Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2007.01582.x","article-title":"Anti-Proliferative and Anti-Remodelling Effect of Beclomethasone Dipropionate, Formoterol and Salbutamol Alone or in Combination in Primary Human Bronchial Fibroblasts","volume":"63","author":"Descalzi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Allergy Eur. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3038.2005.00317.x","article-title":"Co-Administration of Salbutamol and Fluticasone for Emergency Treatment of Children with Moderate Acute Asthma","volume":"16","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatr. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200405000-00004","article-title":"Corticosteroids and Inhaled Salbutamol in Patients with Reversible Airway Obstruction Markedly Decrease the Incidence of Bronchospasm after Tracheal Intubation","volume":"100","author":"Silvanus","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.13960","article-title":"Efficacy of Inhaled Salbutamol with and without Prednisolone for First Acute Rhinovirus-Induced Wheezing Episode","volume":"51","author":"Hurme","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.102.2.519","article-title":"Interaction between Corticosteroid and \u03b2-Agonist Drugs; Biochemical and Cardiovascular Effects in Normal Subjects","volume":"102","author":"Taylor","year":"1992","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-014-2309-3","article-title":"The Efficacy of Nebulized Salbutamol, Magnesium Sulfate, and Salbutamol\/Magnesium Sulfate Combination in Moderate Bronchiolitis","volume":"173","author":"Kose","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1927","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S103147","article-title":"The Efficacy of Nebulized Magnesium Sulfate Alone and in Combination with Salbutamol in Acute Asthma","volume":"10","author":"Sarhan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Des. Devel. Ther."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2038","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.19839","article-title":"Effect of Nebulized Magnesium vs Placebo Added to Albuterol on Hospitalization among Children with Refractory Acute Asthma Treated in the Emergency Department: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"324","author":"Schuh","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2016.3912","article-title":"Effects of Salbutamol Aerosol Combined with Magnesium Sulfate on T-Lymphocyte Subgroup and Th1\/Th2 Cytokines of Pediatric Asthma","volume":"13","author":"Diao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.5114\/pdia.2015.53323","article-title":"Prevalence of IgE-Mediated Allergy and Evaluation of Th1\/Th2 Cytokine Profiles in Patients with Severe Bronchial Asthma","volume":"4","author":"Rogala","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Dermatol. Allergol."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"2286","article-title":"Th1\/Th2 Cytokine Pattern in Arab Children with Severe Asthma","volume":"7","author":"Alokail","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1159\/000321105","article-title":"Effect of Th1\/Th2 Cytokine Pretreatment on RSV-Induced Gene Expression in Airway Epithelial Cells","volume":"154","author":"Yamada","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"747","article-title":"The Efficacy of Orally Administered Theophylline, Inhaled Salbutamol, and a Combination of the Two as Chronic Therapy in the Management of Chronic Bronchitis with Reversible Air-Flow Obstruction","volume":"131","author":"Taylor","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am. Rev. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.107.3.718","article-title":"The Additive Effect of Theophylline on a High-Dose Combination of Inhaled Salbutamol and Ipratropium Bromide in Stable COPD","volume":"107","author":"Nishimura","year":"1995","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.101.1.160","article-title":"Theophylline and Salbutamol Improve Pulmonary Function in Patients with Irreversible Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease","volume":"101","author":"Thomas","year":"1992","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.1981.tb01125.x","article-title":"Theophylline-salbutamol Interaction: Bronchodilator Response to Salbutamol at Maximally Effective Plasma Theophylline Concentrations","volume":"11","author":"Barclay","year":"1981","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.57.9.674","article-title":"Effects of Oral Theophylline and Oral Salbutamol","volume":"57","author":"Dawson","year":"1982","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.1988.tb03347.x","article-title":"Salbutamol Induced Hypokalaemia: The Effect of Theophylline Alone and in Combination with Adrenaline","volume":"25","author":"Whyte","year":"1988","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.91.6.808","article-title":"Combination of Theophylline and Salbutamol for Arrhythmias in Severe COPD","volume":"91","author":"Eidelman","year":"1987","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.109.163238","article-title":"Interactions between Theophylline and Salbutamol on Cytokine Release in Human Monocytes","volume":"334","author":"Ezeamuzie","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.94.2.444","article-title":"Enhancement of Theophylline Clearance by Intravenous Albuterol","volume":"94","author":"Amirav","year":"1988","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.151.2.7842186","article-title":"Efficacy of Uniphyl\u00ae, Salbutamol, and Their Combination in Asthmatic Patients on High-Dose Inhaled Steroids","volume":"151","author":"Rivington","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"Gupta, R., and Wadhwa, R. (2022). Mucolytic Medications, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.5414\/CP203188","article-title":"Investigation of a Potential Drug-Drug Interaction between Salbutamol and Ambroxol and Bioequivalence of a New Fixed-Dose Combination Containing These Two Drugs in Healthy Chinese Subjects","volume":"56","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.5414\/CP203212","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Salbutamol\/Ambroxol Fixed-Dose Combination Granules in Healthy Chinese Subjects","volume":"56","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"00801","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00801-2020","article-title":"The Safety of Cardioselective \u03921-Blockers in Asthma: Literature Review and Search of Global Pharmacovigilance Safety Reports","volume":"7","author":"Bennett","year":"2021","journal-title":"ERJ Open Res."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.19.11.974.31575","article-title":"\u03b2-Adrenergic-Blocking Agents in Bronchospastic Diseases: A Therapeutic Dilemma","volume":"19","author":"Tafreshi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.13955","article-title":"The Impact of Regular Bisoprolol on the Response to Salbutamol in Asthma: A Double-Blind Randomized Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial","volume":"26","author":"Bennett","year":"2021","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00558068","article-title":"Modulation of the Effects of Salbutamol by Propranolol and Atenolol","volume":"36","author":"Minton","year":"1989","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S374","DOI":"10.1097\/00005344-198200433-00022","article-title":"A Double-Blind Comparison of Verapamil and Labetalol in Hypertensive Patients with Coexisting Chronic Obstructive Airways Disease","volume":"4","author":"Anavekar","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_82","unstructured":"Tucker, W., Sankar, P., and Theetha Kariyanna, P. (2022). Selective Beta-1-Blockers, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-137-9-200211050-00035","article-title":"Cardioselective \u03b2-Blockers in Patients with Reactive Airway Disease: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"137","author":"Salpeter","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1552-4604.1986.tb02929.x","article-title":"Effects of Esmolol on Airway Function in Patients with Asthma","volume":"26","author":"Sheppard","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_85","first-page":"412","article-title":"Beta-Blockers and Beta-Agonists: What Is the Risk?","volume":"79","author":"Horn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pharm. Times"},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"1419","article-title":"Labetalol, Beta Blockers, and Acute Deterioration of Chronic Airway Obstruction","volume":"4","author":"Adam","year":"1982","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Hypertens. A"},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"264","article-title":"The Effect of Topical Ophthalmic Instillation of Timolol and Betaxolol on Lung Function in Asthmatic Subjects","volume":"133","author":"Dunn","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am. Rev. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-199040010-00005","article-title":"Ocular Betaxolol: A Review of Its Pharmacological Properties, and Therapeutic Efficacy in Glaucoma and Ocular Hypertension","volume":"40","author":"Buckley","year":"1990","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2016.03.003","article-title":"Addressing the Burden of Epilepsy: Many Unmet Needs","volume":"107","author":"Beghi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharep.2019.02.003","article-title":"Influence of Salbutamol on the Anticonvulsant Potency of the Antiepileptic Drugs in the Maximal Electroshock-Induced Seizures in Mice","volume":"71","author":"Zakrocka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marques, L., and Vale, N. (2022). Salbutamol in the Management of Asthma: A Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232214207"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.4274\/balkanmedj.galenos.2022.2022-3-103","article-title":"Is Seizure an Adverse Effect of Salbutamol in the Pediatric Population?","volume":"39","author":"Uysalol","year":"2022","journal-title":"Balk. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_93","unstructured":"(2023, March 07). Drug Interaction Report: Endep, Ventolin. Available online: https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/interactions-check.php?drug_list=168-3168,109-2463."},{"key":"ref_94","unstructured":"RxList.com (2023, January 14). Ventolin HFA Side Effects Center. Available online: https:\/\/www.rxlist.com\/ventolin-hfa-side-effects-drug-center.htm#overview."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1590\/S0021-75572002000800003","article-title":"Asma e Rinite Al\u00e9rgica Como Express\u00e3o de Uma \u00danica Doen\u00e7a: Um Paradigma Em Constru\u00e7\u00e3o","volume":"78","author":"Camargos","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1159\/000195520","article-title":"Effect of Ketotifen on the Bronchodilatation Induced by Salbutamol","volume":"54","author":"Carpentiere","year":"1988","journal-title":"Respiration"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-6749(91)90307-A","article-title":"The Effect of Cetirizine on the Human Isolated Bronchus: Interaction with Salbutamol","volume":"88","author":"Advenier","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8830439","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/8830439","article-title":"Association between Asthma and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Mechanisms and Impact on Asthma Control\u2014A Literature Review","volume":"2021","author":"Torres","year":"2021","journal-title":"Can. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2012.02180.x","article-title":"Synergistic Interaction between PPAR Ligands and Salbutamol on Human Bronchial Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation","volume":"168","author":"Fogli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2010.01021.x","article-title":"Rosiglitazone Reverses Salbutamol-Induced \u03b2 2-Adrenoceptor Tolerance in Airway Smooth Muscle","volume":"162","author":"Fogli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.4103\/JPBS.JPBS_26_17","article-title":"Drug-Drug Interaction-Related Uncontrolled Glycemia","volume":"9","author":"Hammad","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Bioallied Sci."},{"key":"ref_102","unstructured":"(2023, January 14). COVID-19 and Asthma: What Patients Need to Know. Available online: https:\/\/www.aaaai.org\/Tools-for-the-Public\/Conditions-Library\/Asthma\/covid-prevent."},{"key":"ref_103","unstructured":"(2023, January 14). If You Get COVID 19 and Have Asthma. Available online: https:\/\/www.asthma.org.uk\/advice\/triggers\/coronavirus-covid-19\/covid-19-and-asthma\/."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.37201\/req\/054.2022","article-title":"Interactions Listed in the Paxlovid Fact Sheet, Classified According to Risks, Pharmacological Groups, and Consequences","volume":"35","author":"Azanza","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Esp. Quimioter."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2021.03.019","article-title":"An International Consensus List of Potentially Clinically Significant Drug-Drug Interactions in Older People","volume":"22","author":"Anrys","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amsu.2020.07.005","article-title":"Combination Adjunctive Nebulized Furosemide and Salbutamol versus Single Agent Therapy in COPD Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"57","author":"Saba","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_107","first-page":"30","article-title":"Evaluation of Potential Drug-Drug Interactions in a Pediatric Population","volume":"55","author":"Temel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Turk. Arch. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_108","unstructured":"GlaxoSmithKline (2014). Ventolin \u00ae HFA. Cps, 1\u201324."},{"key":"ref_109","first-page":"88","article-title":"Antitussive Effect of Dextromethorphan and Dextromethorphan-Salbutamol Combination in Healthy Volunteers with Artificially Induced Cough","volume":"4","author":"Karttunen","year":"1987","journal-title":"Respiration"},{"key":"ref_110","first-page":"268","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic Comparison of a Dextromethorphan-Salbutamol Combination Tablet and a Plain Dextromethorphan Tablet","volume":"28","author":"Silvasti","year":"1990","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pharm. Ther. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_111","unstructured":"(2023, January 16). Albuterol Drug Interactions\u2014Drugs.Com. Available online: https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/drug-interactions\/albuterol-index.html."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-3038.2002.01022.x","article-title":"The Combination of Nebulized Sodium Cromoglycate and Salbutamol in the Treatment of Moderate-to-Severe Asthma in Children","volume":"13","author":"Furusho","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatr. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.02.00692002","article-title":"Effects of Nedocromil and Salbutamol on Airway Reactivity in Children with Asthma","volume":"20","author":"Pfleger","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.96.09050893","article-title":"Compliance with Nedocromil Sodium and a Nedocromil Sodium\/Salbutamol Combination","volume":"9","author":"Braunstein","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2125.1997.t01-1-00633.x","article-title":"Benazepril, an Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitor: Drug Interaction with Salbutamol and Bronchial Response to Histamine in Normal Subjects","volume":"44","author":"Bauer","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1038\/aps.2009.207","article-title":"The Synergistic Anti-Asthmatic Effects of Glycyrrhizin and Salbutamol","volume":"31","author":"Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.5414\/CPP44572","article-title":"Roflumilast, a Once-Daily Oral Phosphodiesterase 4 Inhibitor, Lacks Relevant Pharmacokinetic Interactions with Inhaled Salbutamol When Co-Administered in Healthy Subjects","volume":"44","author":"Bethke","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pharm. Ther."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1006\/pupt.2002.0392","article-title":"Cilomilast (Ariflo\u00ae) Does Not Potentiate the Cardiovascular Effects of Inhaled Salbutamol","volume":"15","author":"Murdoch","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pulm. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2004.01.252","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of the Selective PDE4 Inhibitor Roflumilast and Its Active Metabolite Roflumilast N-Oxide Are Not Affected by Concomitant Budesonide, Salbutamol, or Erythromycin*1","volume":"113","author":"HAUNS","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.113.204644","article-title":"Effect of the Mixed Phosphodiesterase 3\/4 Inhibitor RPL554 on Human Isolated Bronchial Smooth Muscle Tone","volume":"346","author":"Calzetta","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1801074","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01074-2018","article-title":"The Short-Term Bronchodilator Effects of the Dual Phosphodiesterase 3 and 4 Inhibitor RPL554 in COPD","volume":"52","author":"Singh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.1985.141","article-title":"Effects of the Calcium Antagonist Tiapamil on Pulmonary Gas Exchange in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Who Receive Salbutamol","volume":"38","author":"Gugger","year":"1985","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_123","first-page":"409","article-title":"Effect of Nifedipine on Salbutamol-Induced Bronchodilation in Partially Reversible Airway Obstruction","volume":"6","author":"Rolla","year":"1986","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.4103\/jpp.JPP_27_19","article-title":"Potential Drug-Drug Interactions in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit of a Tertiary Care Hospital","volume":"10","author":"Rao","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spanakis, M., Patelarou, A., Patelarou, E., and Tzanakis, N. (2021). Drug Interactions for Patients with Respiratory Diseases Receiving Covid-19 Emerged Treatments. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182111711"},{"key":"ref_126","first-page":"9","article-title":"Clinically Important Drug\u2013Drug Interactions in Patients Admitted to Hospital with COVID-19: Drug Pairs, Risk Factors, and Management","volume":"36","author":"Mahboobipour","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Metab. Pers. Ther."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-021-01023-w","article-title":"Pharmacogenetics of Bronchodilator Response: Future Directions","volume":"21","author":"Sordillo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Allergy Asthma Rep."},{"key":"ref_128","first-page":"191","article-title":"The Right Drug to the Right Person","volume":"1","author":"Aneesh","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_129","unstructured":"(2023, January 20). Pharmacogenomics: What Does It Mean for Your Health?\u2014CDC, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/genomics\/disease\/pharma.htm."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.14570","article-title":"A Meta-Analysis of the Influence of ADRB2 Genetic Polymorphisms on Albuterol (Salbutamol) Therapy in Patients with Asthma","volume":"87","author":"Hikino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_131","first-page":"9","article-title":"Asthma Pharmacogenetics and the Development of Genetic Profiles for Personalized Medicine","volume":"8","author":"Ortega","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharmgenom. Pers. Med."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2005.12.060","article-title":"\u03b2-Adrenoceptor Responses of the Airways: For Better or Worse?","volume":"533","author":"Broadley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.00520","article-title":"Pharmacogenetic Factors Affecting Asthma Treatment Response. Potential Implications for Drug Therapy","volume":"10","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)91994-5","article-title":"Association of Glu 27 \u03922-Adrenoceptor Polymorphism with Lower Airway Reactivity in Asthmatic Subjects","volume":"345","author":"Hall","year":"1995","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3195","DOI":"10.1517\/14656566.8.18.3195","article-title":"\u03b2-Adrenergic Receptor Polymorphisms: Relationship to the \u03b2-Agonist Controversy and Clinical Implications","volume":"8","author":"Taylor","year":"2007","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_136","first-page":"212","article-title":"The Effect of Polymorphisms of the Beta(2)-Adrenergic Receptor on the Response to Regular Use of Albuterol in Asthma (International Archives of Allergy and Immunology (2000) 162 (75\u201380))","volume":"157","author":"Israel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax.55.9.762","article-title":"Asthma Exacerbations during Long Term \u03b2 Agonist Use: Influence of \u03922 Adrenoceptor Polymorphism","volume":"55","author":"Taylor","year":"2000","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.2217\/14622416.9.5.505","article-title":"Pharmacogenetic Response to Albuterol among Asthmatics","volume":"9","author":"Corvol","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pharmacogenomics"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(90)93098-A","article-title":"Regular Inhaled Beta-Agonist Treatment in Bronchial Asthma","volume":"336","author":"Sears","year":"1990","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2007.02.046","article-title":"Regulation of \u03b2-Adrenergic Receptor Signaling by S-Nitrosylation of G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 2","volume":"129","author":"Whalen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2008.05.024","article-title":"S-Nitrosylation of \u03b2-Arrestin Regulates \u03b2-Adrenergic Receptor Trafficking","volume":"31","author":"Ozawa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2217\/pgs.10.192","article-title":"Influence of Gene-Gene Interactions on Response to Albuterol Therapy","volume":"12","author":"Moore","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pharmacogenomics"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1097\/FPC.0b013e328337f992","article-title":"GSNO Reductase and \u03922-Adrenergic Receptor Gene-Gene Interaction: Bronchodilator Responsiveness to Albuterol","volume":"20","author":"Choudhry","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharmacogenet. Genom."},{"key":"ref_144","first-page":"261","article-title":"Pharmacogenomic Response of Inhaled Corticosteroids for the Treatment of Asthma: Considerations for Therapy","volume":"13","author":"Cazzola","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmgenom. Pers. Med."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.2217\/pgs-2016-0151","article-title":"Pharmacogenomics Genetic Variation in the Glucocorticoid","volume":"18","author":"Song","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmacogenomics"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2009.01.049","article-title":"The Glucocorticoid Receptor Heterocomplex Gene STIP1 Is Associated with Improved Lung Function in Asthmatic Subjects Treated with Inhaled Corticosteroids","volume":"123","author":"Hawkins","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1843.2010.01786.x","article-title":"Association between \u03b2-Adrenoceptor Gene Polymorphisms and Relative Response to \u03b2 2-Agonists and Anticholinergic Drugs in Japanese Asthmatic Patients","volume":"15","author":"Asano","year":"2010","journal-title":"Respirology"}],"container-title":["Future Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2673-9879\/3\/1\/19\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:51:36Z","timestamp":1760122296000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2673-9879\/3\/1\/19"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,10]]},"references-count":147,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["futurepharmacol3010019"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/futurepharmacol3010019","relation":{},"ISSN":["2673-9879"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2673-9879"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,10]]}}}