{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T05:39:03Z","timestamp":1773812343646,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":138,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,4]],"date-time":"2022-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643932800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/00481\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00481\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/00481\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00481\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Centro Portugal Regional Operational Programme (Centro2020), under the PORTUGAL 2020 Partnership Agreement, through the European Regional Development Fund","award":["CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-022083"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-022083"]}]},{"name":"COMPETE2020, Portugal2020 - Operational Program for Competitiveness and Internationalization (POCI), European Union\u2019s ERDF (European Regional Development Fund) and FCT","award":["DICA-VE (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029463)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DICA-VE (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029463)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Future Transportation"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Micromobility is an increasingly attractive option, particularly over short distances. Walking, biking, and other modes of transport, such as e-scooters, are gaining popularity. Furthermore, a trend is emerging to introduce appealing items onto the market that incorporate new\/more sustainable materials to improve wellbeing. Significant research questions concern the understanding of emerging research needs and the environmental, social, and economic effects of sustainability in the micromobility transport system, specifically because of developing and implementing new products, boosting the safety and comfort of ergonomic personal mobility devices (PMDs), and assuring security and privacy while digitalization arises. Such research topics can raise policymakers\u2019 and the public\u2019s awareness while providing impactful information for decision-makers. This paper provides a literature review of the most recent research on micromobility-related topics. It uses scientific databases, a keywords list, and defined inclusion criteria to select data, analyze content, and perform a bibliometric analysis. The findings highlight the significance of using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) tools together with other methodologies to aid in the evaluation of urban complexity. Finally, using a life cycle thinking (LCT) approach, we propose a framework for comprehensively integrating identified research needs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/futuretransp2010008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,4]],"date-time":"2022-02-04T11:35:17Z","timestamp":1643974517000},"page":"135-164","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["A Literature Review of Emerging Research Needs for Micromobility\u2014Integration through a Life Cycle Thinking Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"2","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4777-5538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel L.","family":"Marques","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Mechanical Technology and Automation (TEMA), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3312-191X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margarida C.","family":"Coelho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Mechanical Technology and Automation (TEMA), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2018.05.007","article-title":"Active school travel, attitudes and psychological well-being of children","volume":"56","author":"Stark","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part F Traffic Psychol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2020.102628","article-title":"Micromobility and public transport integration: The current state of knowledge","volume":"89","author":"Oeschger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feng, C., Jiao, J., and Wang, H. (2020). Estimating E-Scooter Traffic Flow Using Big Data to Support Planning for Micromobility. J. Urban Technol., 1\u201319.","DOI":"10.1080\/10630732.2020.1843384"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcot.2020.08.015","article-title":"The Orthopedic Injury Burden of Personal Mobility Devices in Singapore\u2014Our Experience in the East Coast","volume":"13","author":"Ang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Orthop. Trauma"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"M\u00f8ller, T.H., and Simlett, J. (2021, October 13). Micromobility: Moving Cities into a Sustainable Future. Available online: https:\/\/assets.ey.com\/content\/dam\/ey-sites\/ey-com\/en_gl\/topics\/automotive-and-transportation\/automotive-transportation-pdfs\/ey-micromobility-moving-cities-into-a-sustainable-future.pdf."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galatoulas, N.-F., Genikomsakis, K.N., and Ioakimidis, C.S. (2020). Spatio-Temporal Trends of E-Bike Sharing System Deployment: A Review in Europe, North America and Asia. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12114611"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"(2021, October 13). The Meddin Bike-Sharing World Map Mid-2021 Report. Available online: https:\/\/bikesharingworldmap.com\/reports\/bswm_mid2021report.pdf."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Meddin, R., and DeMaio, P.J. (2021, October 13). The Meddin Bike-Sharing World Map. Available online: https:\/\/bikesharingworldmap.com\/#\/all\/2.3\/8.06\/54.59\/%0A;https:\/\/bikesharingworldmap.com\/#\/all\/2.3\/-1.57\/33.92\/%0A;https:\/\/bikesharingworldmap.com\/#\/all\/6.9\/-72.01\/19.73\/."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"(2021, October 13). POLIS Macro Managing Micro Mobility. Available online: https:\/\/www.polisnetwork.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Polis-Paper-Macromanaging-MicroMobility.pdf."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"MDCG DocsRoom\u2014European Commission (2021, March 28). Ongoing MDR IVDR Guidance Plan. Available online: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/docsroom\/documents\/37824."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1177\/0885412220972696","article-title":"Transportation Transformation: Is Micromobility Making a Macro Impact on Sustainability?","volume":"36","author":"McQueen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Plan. Lit."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122898","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.122898","article-title":"Consequential LCA for territorial and multimodal transportation policies: Method and application to the free-floating e-scooter disruption in Paris","volume":"273","author":"Christoforou","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1080\/01441647.2021.1895361","article-title":"Cyclists\u2019 exposure to atmospheric and noise pollution: A systematic literature review","volume":"41","author":"Gelb","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transp. Rev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2014.08.007","article-title":"Technology adoption of electric bicycles: A survey among early adopters","volume":"69","author":"Wolf","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part A Policy Pract."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"100017","article-title":"Physical activity of electric bicycle users compared to conventional bicycle users and non-cyclists: Insights based on health and transport data from an online survey in seven European cities","volume":"1","author":"Castro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Interdiscip. Perspect."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Cazzola, P., and Crist, P. (2021, July 20). Good to Go? Assessing the Environmental Performance of New Mobility. Available online: https:\/\/www.itf-oecd.org\/good-go-assessing-environmental-performance-new-mobility."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2021.102743","article-title":"Environmental performance of shared micromobility and personal alternatives using integrated modal LCA","volume":"93","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2020.102230","article-title":"Integrating e-scooters in urban transportation: Problems, policies, and the prospect of system change","volume":"79","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vinayaga-Sureshkanth, N., Wijewickrama, R., Maiti, A., and Jadliwala, M. (2020, January 18). Security and Privacy Challenges in Upcoming Intelligent Urban Micromobility Transportation Systems. Proceedings of the Second ACM Workshop on Automotive and Aerial Vehicle Security, New Orleans, LA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/3375706.3380559"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2019.09.027","article-title":"Assessing the welfare impacts of Shared Mobility and Mobility as a Service (MaaS)","volume":"131","author":"Becker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part A Policy Pract."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2018.09.225","article-title":"MaaS in Bike-Sharing: Smart Phone GPS Data Based Layout Optimization and Emission Reduction Potential Analysis","volume":"152","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Energy Procedia"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1080\/01441647.2020.1806943","article-title":"Crowdsourced data for bicycling research and practice","volume":"41","author":"Nelson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transp. Rev."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1080\/01441647.2020.1758237","article-title":"Policy implementation of multi-modal (shared) mobility: Review of a supply-demand value proposition canvas","volume":"40","author":"Meng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transp. Rev."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s11116-011-9328-y","article-title":"E-bikes and urban transportation: Emerging issues and unresolved questions","volume":"39","author":"Rose","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transportation"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Hern, S., and Estgfaeller, N. (2020). A Scientometric Review of Powered Micromobility. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12229505"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102734","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2021.102734","article-title":"The role of micro-mobility in shaping sustainable cities: A systematic literature review","volume":"92","author":"Abduljabbar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Chang, A.Y., Miranda-Moreno, L., Clewlow, R., and Sun, L. (2021, October 13). Trend or Fad. Available online: https:\/\/www.sae.org\/micromobilityreport."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"(2021, October 12). ITF Safe Micromobility CPB Report. Available online: https:\/\/www.itf-oecd.org\/safe-micromobility."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"(2021, October 13). Mendeley Search. Available online: https:\/\/www.mendeley.com\/search\/."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"(2021, October 13). Web of Science Document Search\u2014Web of Science Core Collection. Available online: https:\/\/www.webofscience.com\/wos\/woscc\/basic-search."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"(2021, October 08). Scopus\u2014Document Search. Available online: https:\/\/www.scopus.com\/search\/form.uri?display=basic#basic."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"ScienceDirect.com (2021, October 08). Science, Health and Medical Journals, Full Text Articles and Books. Available online: https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Centre for Science and Technology Studies (2021, October 13). VOSviewer: Visualizing Scientific Landscapes. Available online: https:\/\/www.vosviewer.com\/."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Committee on the Medical Effects of Air Pollutants (2021, October 13). Review of the UK Air Quality Index, Available online: https:\/\/assets.publishing.service.gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads\/attachment_data\/file\/304633\/COMEAP_review_of_the_uk_air_quality_index.pdf."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ueberham, M., Schlink, U., Dijst, M., and Weiland, U. (2019). Cyclists\u2019 Multiple Environmental Urban Exposures\u2014Comparing Subjective and Objective Measurements. Sustainability, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/su11051412"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2016.09.014","article-title":"Cyclists\u2019 exposure to air pollution and road traffic noise in central city neighbourhoods of Montreal","volume":"57","author":"Apparicio","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Transp. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2018.06.007","article-title":"Exposure to noise and air pollution by mode of transportation during rush hours in Montreal","volume":"70","author":"Apparicio","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Transp. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.12.012","article-title":"Particulates and noise exposure during bicycle, bus and car commuting: A study in three European cities","volume":"154","author":"Okokon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.138043","article-title":"Cyclists\u2019 exposure to air pollution under different traffic management strategies","volume":"723","author":"Krecl","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.07.124","article-title":"Integrating road traffic externalities through a sustainability indicator","volume":"691","author":"Fernandes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100931","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jth.2020.100931","article-title":"Could smart research ensure healthy people in disrupted cities?","volume":"19","author":"Jafari","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Transp. Health"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.142475","article-title":"Estimates of pedestrian exposure to atmospheric pollution using high-resolution modelling in a real traffic hot-spot","volume":"755","author":"Santiago","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmid, D., Ricci, C., and Leitzmann, M.F. (2015). Associations of Objectively Assessed Physical Activity and Sedentary Time with All-Cause Mortality in US Adults: The NHANES Study. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0119591"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9592","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1803222115","article-title":"Global estimates of mortality associated with long-term exposure to outdoor fine particulate matter","volume":"115","author":"Burnett","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.105679","article-title":"The long-term impact of restricting cycling and walking during high air pollution days on all-cause mortality: Health impact Assessment study","volume":"140","author":"Giallouros","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2017-104765","article-title":"Effectiveness of face masks used to protect Beijing residents against particulate air pollution","volume":"75","author":"Cherrie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2018.12.035","article-title":"Life Cycle Thinking (LCT) applied to residential heat pump systems: A critical review","volume":"185","author":"Marinelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Hauschild, M.Z., Rosenbaum, R.K., and Stig, I.O. (2014). Life Cycle Assessment: Theory and Practice, Springer International Publishing."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"084031","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/ab2da8","article-title":"Are e-scooters polluters? The environmental impacts of shared dockless electric scooters","volume":"14","author":"Hollingsworth","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Onat, N.C., Kucukvar, M., Halog, A., and Cloutier, S. (2017). Systems Thinking for Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment: A Review of Recent Developments, Applications, and Future Perspectives. Sustainability, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/su9050706"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.17654\/JPHMTFeb2015_029_042","article-title":"Life Cycle Assessment","volume":"11","author":"Senitkova","year":"2015","journal-title":"JP J. Heat Mass Transf."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2017.08.030","article-title":"Application of life cycle thinking towards sustainable cities: A review","volume":"166","author":"Boix","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.18757\/ejtir.2020.20.4.4912","article-title":"Techno-economical and ecological potential of electrical scooters: A life cycle analysis","volume":"20","author":"Kazmaier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Transp. Infrastruct. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Cal\u00e3o, J., Marrques, D., Completo, A., and Coelho, M.C. (2022, January 9\u201313). A Life Cycle Thinking Approach Applied to Novel Micromobility Vehicle. Proceedings of the 101st Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting, Washington, DC, USA."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trpro.2015.09.094","article-title":"Cycling Mobility\u2014A Life Cycle Assessment Based Approach","volume":"10","author":"Coelho","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Procedia"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2016.12.012","article-title":"Environmental and social life cycle assessment of bamboo bicycle frames made in Ghana","volume":"143","author":"Agyekum","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schelte, N., Severengiz, S., Sch\u00fcnemann, J., Finke, S., Bauer, O., and Metzen, M. (2021). Life Cycle Assessment on Electric Moped Scooter Sharing. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13158297"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1007\/s12544-017-0246-8","article-title":"Evaluating the impacts of using cargo cycles on urban logistics: Integrating traffic, environmental and operational boundaries","volume":"9","author":"Melo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Transp. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fraselle, J., Limbourg, S.L., and Vidal, L. (2021). Cost and Environmental Impacts of a Mixed Fleet of Vehicles. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13169413"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)TE.1943-5436.0000012","article-title":"Highway Project Level Life-Cycle Benefit\/Cost Analysis under Certainty, Risk, and Uncertainty: Methodology with Case Study","volume":"135","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Transp. Eng."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04014080","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)TE.1943-5436.0000744","article-title":"Risk-Based Planning in Transportation Asset Management: Critical Pitfalls","volume":"141","author":"Boadi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Transp. Eng."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)TE.1943-5436.0000391","article-title":"Life-Cycle Cost Analyses for Road Barriers","volume":"138","author":"Karim","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Transp. Eng."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-947X(2008)134:6(236)","article-title":"Evaluation of Life-Cycle Cost Analysis Practices Used by the Michigan Department of Transportation","volume":"134","author":"Chan","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Transp. Eng."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105701","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2021.105701","article-title":"All roads lead to sustainability: Opportunities to reduce the life-cycle cost and global warming impact of U.S. roadways","volume":"173","author":"Shani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaewunruen, S., Sresakoolchai, J., and Yu, S. (2020). Global Warming Potentials Due to Railway Tunnel Construction and Maintenance. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10186459"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20193","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-018-2150-8","article-title":"Electric bicycle cost calculation models and analysis based on the social perspective in China","volume":"25","author":"Yan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e030466","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-030466","article-title":"Health economic assessment of a scenario to promote bicycling as active transport in Stockholm, Sweden","volume":"9","author":"Kriit","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"European Environment Agency (2021, March 27). European Environment Agency the First and Last Mile\u2014The Key to Sustainable Urban Transport. Available online: https:\/\/www.eea.europa.eu\/publications\/the-first-and-last-mile."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niiyama, R., Sato, H., Tsujimura, K., Narumi, K., Seong, Y.A., Yamamura, R., Kakehi, Y., and Kawahara, Y. (2020, January 20\u201323). poimo: Portable and Inflatable Mobility Devices Customizable for Personal Physical Characteristics. Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, Virtual Event, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/3379337.3415894"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bogdanski, R., Cailliau, C., Seidenkranz, M., Bayer, M., and Reed, M. (2021, January 5\u20137). Development of a General Specification Sheet for Heavy-Duty Cargo Bikes. Proceedings of the 2021 Sixteenth International Conference on Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies (EVER), Monte-Carlo, Monaco.","DOI":"10.1109\/EVER52347.2021.9456636"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kang, D., Park, H., Kwak, Y., Kim, B., Kim, S., Kim, D., Lee, S., Kim, B., and Lee, H.S. (September, January 31). Development of a Shared Indoor Smart Mobility Platform Based on Semi-Autonomous Driving. Proceedings of the 2020 29th IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN), Naples, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/RO-MAN47096.2020.9223339"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8817115","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/8817115","article-title":"Design of a Personal Mobility Device for Elderly Users","volume":"2021","author":"Phannil","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Health Eng."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2013.03.011","article-title":"Motorcycle helmets\u2014A state of the art review","volume":"56","author":"Fernandes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2018.12.017","article-title":"Evaluation of a novel bicycle helmet concept in oblique impact testing","volume":"124","author":"Bliven","year":"2019","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-08544-5","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of mandatory bicycle helmet use to prevent traumatic brain injuries and death","volume":"20","author":"Reuvers","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e187381","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2018.7381","article-title":"Injuries Associated with Standing Electric Scooter Use","volume":"2","author":"Trivedi","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.11622\/smedj.2019083","article-title":"New peril on our roads: A retrospective study of electric scooter-related injuries","volume":"61","author":"Liew","year":"2020","journal-title":"Singap. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850236","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/850236","article-title":"E-Bike Injuries: Experience from an Urban Emergency Department\u2014A Retrospective Study from Switzerland","volume":"2014","author":"Papoutsi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg. Med. Int."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1136\/injuryprev-2012-040618","article-title":"Epidemiological profile of hospitalised injuries among electric bicycle riders admitted to a rural hospital in Suzhou: A cross-sectional study","volume":"20","author":"Du","year":"2013","journal-title":"Inj. Prev."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1080\/15389588.2019.1709176","article-title":"The electric scooter: A surging new mode of transportation that comes with risk to riders","volume":"21","author":"Puzio","year":"2020","journal-title":"Traffic Inj. Prev."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2020.07.009","article-title":"To scoot or not to scoot: Findings from a recent survey about the benefits and barriers of using E-scooters for riders and non-riders","volume":"139","author":"Sanders","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part A Policy Pract."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8876040","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8876040","article-title":"Effects of Human Factors on Public Use of Standing-Type Personal Mobility Vehicle","volume":"2020","author":"Hashimoto","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Adv. Transp."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2020.105608","article-title":"Safety of micro-mobility: Analysis of E-Scooter crashes by mining news reports","volume":"143","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zagorskas, J., and Burinskien\u0117, M. (2019). Challenges Caused by Increased Use of E-Powered Personal Mobility Vehicles in European Cities. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12010273"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1807.e5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2019.06.017","article-title":"Sharing the sidewalk: A case of E-scooter related pedestrian injury","volume":"37","author":"Sikka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"James, O., Swiderski, J.I., Hicks, J., Teoman, D., and Buehler, R. (2019). Pedestrians and E-Scooters: An Initial Look at E-Scooter Parking and Perceptions by Riders and Non-Riders. Sustainability, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/su11205591"},{"key":"ref_87","unstructured":"Consumer Product Safety Commission (2021, October 13). Safety Concerns Associated with Micromobility Products, Available online: https:\/\/cpsc.gov\/s3fs-public\/Report-on-Micromobility-Products_FINAL-to-Commission.pdf?THHIorYXAZ.KiZnobh1o7.7.lN9nNCLo%0A."},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"264","article-title":"Electric scooter battery detonation: A case series and review of literature","volume":"34","author":"Hsieh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Burn. Fire Disasters"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kong, L., Li, C., Jiang, J., and Pecht, M.G. (2018). Li-Ion Battery Fire Hazards and Safety Strategies. Energies, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/en11092191"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vila\u00e7a, M., Macedo, E., and Coelho, M.C. (2019). A Rare Event Modelling Approach to Assess Injury Severity Risk of Vulnerable Road Users. Safety, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/safety5020029"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1080\/17457300.2019.1645185","article-title":"Multinomial logistic regression for prediction of vulnerable road users risk injuries based on spatial and temporal assessment","volume":"26","author":"Macedo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Inj. Control Saf. Promot."},{"key":"ref_92","first-page":"775","article-title":"Machine learning applied to road safety modeling: A systematic literature review","volume":"7","author":"Silva","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Traffic Transp. Eng."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1177\/0739456X18769133","article-title":"Expanding Seniors\u2019 Mobility through Phone Apps: Potential Responses from the Private and Public Sectors","volume":"40","author":"Shirgaokar","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Plan. Educ. Res."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cstp.2019.10.002","article-title":"Assessing the barriers to equity in smart mobility systems: A case study of Portland, Oregon","volume":"7","author":"Golub","year":"2019","journal-title":"Case Stud. Transp. Policy"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miralles, D., Levigne, N., Akos, D.M., Blanch, J., and Lo, S. (2018, January 24\u201328). Android Raw GNSS Measurements as the New Anti-Spoofing and Anti-Jamming Solution. Proceedings of the 31st International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation, ION GNSS+ 2018, Miami, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.33012\/2018.15883"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, Q., Zuo, C., Pellegrino, G., and Lin, Z. (2019, January 24\u201327). Geo-locating Drivers: A Study of Sensitive Data Leakage in Ride-Hailing Services. Proceedings of the 2019 Network and Distributed System Security Symposium, San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.14722\/ndss.2019.23052"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102916","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2021.102916","article-title":"Human mobility behavior in COVID-19: A systematic literature review and bibliometric analysis","volume":"70","author":"Benita","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_98","first-page":"100212","article-title":"Changes in urban mobility in Sapporo city, Japan due to the COVID-19 emergency declarations","volume":"7","author":"Arimura","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Interdiscip. Perspect."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econlet.2020.109425","article-title":"Mobility Zones","volume":"194","author":"Monte","year":"2020","journal-title":"Econ. Lett."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2021.103037","article-title":"Planning for e-scooter use in metropolitan cities: A case study for Paris","volume":"100","author":"Latinopoulos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2019.09.028","article-title":"Development and implementation of Mobility-as-a-Service\u2014A qualitative study of barriers and enabling factors","volume":"131","author":"Karlsson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part A Policy Pract."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102708","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2021.102708","article-title":"Who is using e-scooters and how? Evidence from Paris","volume":"92","author":"Christoforou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1080\/15230406.2015.1014424","article-title":"Inferring trip purposes and uncovering travel patterns from taxi trajectory data","volume":"43","author":"Gong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cartogr. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2018.03.101","article-title":"Environmental benefits of bike sharing: A big data-based analysis","volume":"220","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranpol.2020.07.019","article-title":"Early adopters of Mobility-as-a-Service in the Netherlands","volume":"97","author":"Zijlstra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transp. Policy"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shaheen, S., Cohen, A., Dowd, M., and Davis, R. (2019). A Framework for Integrating Transportation into Smart Cities, Mineta Transportation Institute Publications. Available online: https:\/\/scholarworks.sjsu.edu\/mti_publications\/275\/.","DOI":"10.31979\/mti.2019.1705"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2019.101418","article-title":"Urban mobility in the sharing economy: A spatiotemporal comparison of shared mobility services","volume":"79","author":"McKenzie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Environ. Urban Syst."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ciociola, A., Cocca, M., Giordano, D., Vassio, L., and Mellia, M. (2020, January 14\u201316). E-Scooter Sharing: Leveraging Open Data for System Design. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE\/ACM 24th International Symposium on Distributed Simulation and Real Time Applications (DS-RT), Prague, Czech Republic.","DOI":"10.1109\/DS-RT50469.2020.9213514"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barbour, W., Wilbur, M., Sandoval, R., Dubey, A., and Work, D.B. (2020, January 21). Streaming computation algorithms for spatiotemporal micromobility service availability. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE Workshop on Design Automation for CPS and IoT (DESTION), Sydney, Australia.","DOI":"10.1109\/DESTION50928.2020.00012"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1186\/s12544-020-00456-0","article-title":"Understanding user attitudes and economic aspects in a corporate multimodal mobility system: Results from a field study in Germany","volume":"12","author":"Jacobsen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Transp. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wortmann, C., Syr\u00e9, A., Grahle, A., and G\u00f6hlich, D. (2021). Analysis of Electric Moped Scooter Sharing in Berlin: A Technical, Economic and Environmental Perspective. World Electr. Veh. J., 12.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202106.0269.v1"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2014.05.477","article-title":"Asset Management of Vehicles: A Practical Application of the Logic Scoring of Preference Method of Optimizing Programmatic Investment Decisions in a Performance based System","volume":"32","author":"Kelly","year":"2014","journal-title":"Procedia Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_113","first-page":"591","article-title":"Transportation infrastructure asset management in the new millennium: Continuing issues, and emerging challenges and opportunities","volume":"13","author":"Sinha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transp. A Transp. Sci."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196034","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3034596","article-title":"Smart Urban Mobility Innovations: A Comprehensive Review and Evaluation","volume":"8","author":"Butler","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmad, N., Rafique, M.T., and Jamshaid, R. (2019, January 20\u201321). Design of Piezoelectricity Harvester using Footwear. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE 6th International Conference on Engineering Technologies and Applied Sciences (ICETAS), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICETAS48360.2019.9117314"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2019.2961428","article-title":"\u201cControlled Slip\u201d Energy Harvesting While Walking","volume":"28","author":"Xia","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012107","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/463\/1\/012107","article-title":"Feasibility on development of kinetic-energy harvesting floors","volume":"463","author":"Lowattanamart","year":"2020","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jintanawan, T., Phanomchoeng, G., Suwankawin, S., Kreepoke, P., Chetchatree, P., and U-Viengchai, C. (2020). Design of Kinetic-Energy Harvesting Floors. Energies, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/en13205419"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jettanasen, C., Songsukthawan, P., and Ngaopitakkul, A. (2020). Development of Micro-Mobility Based on Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting for Smart City Applications. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12072933"},{"key":"ref_120","first-page":"45","article-title":"A fuzzy-based solution for optimized management of energy consumption in e-bikes","volume":"10","author":"Giliberto","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Wirel. Mob. Netw. Ubiquitous Comput. Dependable Appl."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akova, H., Hulagu, S., and Celikoglu, H.B. (2021, January 16\u201317). Effects of energy consumption on cost optimal recharging station locations for e-scooters. Proceedings of the 2021 7th International Conference on Models and Technologies for Intelligent Transportation Systems (MT-ITS), Heraklion, Greece.","DOI":"10.1109\/MT-ITS49943.2021.9529282"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanchez-Iborra, R., Bernal-Escobedo, L., and Santa, J. (2020). Eco-Efficient Mobility in Smart City Scenarios. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12208443"},{"key":"ref_123","unstructured":"Liao, F., and Correia, G. (2020). Electric carsharing and micromobility: A literature review on their usage pattern, demand, and potential impacts. Int. J. Sustain. Transp., 1\u201330."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1080\/15568318.2020.1833117","article-title":"A comparative analysis of e-scooter and e-bike usage patterns: Findings from the City of Austin, TX","volume":"15","author":"Almannaa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Sustain. Transp."},{"key":"ref_125","unstructured":"European Parliament (2021, October 13). The Impact of Emerging Technologies on the Transport System. Available online: https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/RegData\/etudes\/STUD\/2020\/652226\/IPOL_STU(2020)652226_EN.pdf."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trpro.2021.12.004","article-title":"An Innovative Methodology for Micro-Mobility Network Planning","volume":"60","author":"Comi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Procedia"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salmeron-Manzano, E., and Manzano-Agugliaro, F. (2018). The Electric Bicycle: Worldwide Research Trends. Energies, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/en11071894"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1080\/14649357.2021.1919746","article-title":"E-Scooters: A New Smart Mobility Option? The Case of Brisbane, Australia","volume":"22","author":"Field","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plan. Theory Pract."},{"key":"ref_129","first-page":"e00120","article-title":"Research gaps in environmental life cycle assessments of lithium ion batteries for grid-scale stationary energy storage systems: End-of-life options and other issues","volume":"23","author":"Pellow","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sustain. Mater. Technol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2021.103213","article-title":"Last-mile delivering: Analysis of environment-friendly transport","volume":"74","author":"Comi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_131","unstructured":"Comi, A., Delle Site, P., Filippi, F., Marcucci, E., and Nuzzolo, A. (2008, January 13\u201315). Differentiated regulation of urban freight traffic: Conceptual framework and examples from Italy. Proceedings of the 13th International Conference of Hong Kong Society for Transportation Studies, Hong Kong, China."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1002\/pip.3385","article-title":"Designing innovative solutions for solar-powered electric mobility applications","volume":"29","author":"Sierra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prog. Photovolt. Res. Appl."},{"key":"ref_133","unstructured":"Shaheen, S.A., and Cohen, A.P. (2019). Shared Micromoblity Policy Toolkit: Docked and Dockless Bike and Scooter Sharing, UC Berkeley Transportation Sustainability Research Center."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-D\u00edaz, M., Soriguera, F., and P\u00e9rez, I. (2018). Technology: A Necessary but Not Sufficient Condition for Future Personal Mobility. Sustainability, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/su10114141"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1080\/15568318.2020.1718252","article-title":"Users\u2019 attitudes on electric scooter riding speed on shared footpath: A virtual reality study","volume":"15","author":"Che","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Sustain. Transp."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141169","article-title":"Conceptualizing environmental effects of carsharing services: A system thinking approach","volume":"745","author":"Esfandabadi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1111\/jiec.13010","article-title":"Rethinking environmental LCA life stages for transport infrastructure to facilitate holistic assessment","volume":"24","author":"Saxe","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ind. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.3141\/1864-09","article-title":"Life-Cycle Cost Analysis: State of the Practice Versus State of the Art","volume":"1864","author":"Ozbay","year":"2004","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec. J. Transp. Res. Board"}],"container-title":["Future Transportation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2673-7590\/2\/1\/8\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:13:52Z","timestamp":1760134432000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2673-7590\/2\/1\/8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,4]]},"references-count":138,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["futuretransp2010008"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/futuretransp2010008","relation":{},"ISSN":["2673-7590"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2673-7590","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,4]]}}}