{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T04:27:20Z","timestamp":1773721640131,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,15]],"date-time":"2025-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736899200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Education and Science of Bulgaria","award":["DO1-286\/07.10.2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DO1-286\/07.10.2020"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education and Science of Bulgaria","award":["\u0414O1-349\/13.12.2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["\u0414O1-349\/13.12.2023"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education and Science of Bulgaria","award":["\u041401-322\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["\u041401-322\/2023"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education and Science","award":["DO1-286\/07.10.2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DO1-286\/07.10.2020"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education and Science","award":["\u0414O1-349\/13.12.2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["\u0414O1-349\/13.12.2023"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education and Science","award":["\u041401-322\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["\u041401-322\/2023"]}]},{"name":"Distributed Research Infrastructure INFRAMAT, part of Bulgarian National Roadmap for Research Infrastructures","award":["DO1-286\/07.10.2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DO1-286\/07.10.2020"]}]},{"name":"Distributed Research Infrastructure INFRAMAT, part of Bulgarian National Roadmap for Research Infrastructures","award":["\u0414O1-349\/13.12.2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["\u0414O1-349\/13.12.2023"]}]},{"name":"Distributed Research Infrastructure INFRAMAT, part of Bulgarian National Roadmap for Research Infrastructures","award":["\u041401-322\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["\u041401-322\/2023"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gels"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, the potential to modify the phase structure and morphology of manganese dioxide synthesized via the hydrothermal route was explored. A series of samples were prepared at different synthesis temperatures (100, 120, 140, and 160 \u00b0C) using KMnO4 and MnSO4\u00b7H2O as precursors. The phase composition and morphology of the materials were analyzed using various physicochemical methods. The results showed that, at the lowest synthesis temperature (100 \u00b0C), an intercalation compound with composition K1.39Mn3O6 and a very small amount of \u03b1-MnO2 was formed. At higher temperatures (120\u2013160 \u00b0C), the amount of \u03b1-MnO2 increased, indicating the formation of two clearly distinguished crystal structures. The sample obtained at 160 \u00b0C exhibited the highest specific surface area (approximately 157 m2\/g). These two-phase (\u03b1-MnO2\/K1.39Mn3O6) materials, synthesized at the lowest and highest temperatures, respectively, and containing an appropriate amount of carbon xerogel, were tested as active mass for positive electrodes in a solid-state supercapacitor, using a Na+-form Aquivion\u00ae membrane as the polymer electrolyte. The electrochemical evaluation showed that the composite with the higher specific surface area, containing 75% manganese dioxide, demonstrated improved characteristics, including 96% capacitance retention after 5000 charge\/discharge cycles and high energy efficiency (approximately 99%). These properties highlight its potential for application in solid-state supercapacitors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/gels11010068","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,15]],"date-time":"2025-01-15T09:01:02Z","timestamp":1736931662000},"page":"68","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Influence of Synthesis Conditions on the Capacitance Performance of Hydrothermally Prepared MnO2 for Carbon Xerogel-Based Solid-State Supercapacitors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6478-6979","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vania","family":"Ilcheva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Electrochemistry and Energy Systems, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., bl. 10, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9672-9538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor","family":"Boev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Electrochemistry and Energy Systems, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., bl. 10, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6389-3668","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariela","family":"Dimitrova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Electrochemistry and Energy Systems, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., bl. 10, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"}]},{"given":"Borislava","family":"Mladenova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Electrochemistry and Energy Systems, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., bl. 10, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8785-3190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Karashanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Optical Materials and Technologies, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str. bl.109, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"}]},{"given":"Elefteria","family":"Lefterova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Electrochemistry and Energy Systems, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., bl. 10, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5003-0035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Rey-Raap","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda del Carbono, INCAR-CSIC, Francisco Pintado Fe 26, 33011 Oviedo, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5388-1169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Arenillas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda del Carbono, INCAR-CSIC, Francisco Pintado Fe 26, 33011 Oviedo, Spain"}]},{"given":"Antonia","family":"Stoyanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Electrochemistry and Energy Systems, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., bl. 10, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmatsci.2015.04.003","article-title":"Engineering of MnO2-Based Nanocomposites for High-Performance Supercapacitors","volume":"74","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prog. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2022.106198","article-title":"An In-Depth Study of the Electrical Characterization of Supercapacitors for Recent Trends in Energy Storage System","volume":"57","author":"Satpathy","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Energy Storage"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eap.2018.08.003","article-title":"Supercapacitors: A New Source of Power for Electric Cars?","volume":"61","author":"Horn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Econ. Anal. Policy"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10389","DOI":"10.1002\/er.7918","article-title":"Recent Advances in Solid-state Supercapacitors: From Emerging Materials to Advanced Applications","volume":"46","author":"Akin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Energy Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9809","DOI":"10.1039\/c3ta12148h","article-title":"A Carbon Modified MnO2 Nanosheet Array as a Stable High-Capacitance Supercapacitor Electrode","volume":"1","author":"Huang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A Mater."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.1039\/C0CS00127A","article-title":"Manganese Oxide-Based Materials as Electrochemical Supercapacitor Electrodes","volume":"40","author":"Wei","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtcomm.2022.104033","article-title":"A Review on Challenges to Remedies of MnO2 Based Transition-Metal Oxide, Hydroxide, and Layered Double Hydroxide Composites for Supercapacitor Applications","volume":"32","author":"Kour","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Today Commun."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3493","DOI":"10.1021\/am100669k","article-title":"Structural in Situ Study of the Thermal Behavior of Manganese Dioxide Materials: Toward Selected Electrode Materials for Supercapacitors","volume":"2","author":"Ghodbane","year":"2010","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21380","DOI":"10.1039\/C5TA05523G","article-title":"MnO2-Based Nanostructures for High-Performance Supercapacitors","volume":"3","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A Mater."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2664","DOI":"10.1021\/nl800925j","article-title":"Growth of Manganese Oxide Nanoflowers on Vertically-Aligned Carbon Nanotube Arrays for High-Rate Electrochemical Capacitive Energy Storage","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2009.07.041","article-title":"Factors Influencing MnO2\/Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Composite\u2019s Electrochemical Performance as Supercapacitor Electrode","volume":"54","author":"Jiang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2014.11.162","article-title":"Controlled Growth of Nanostructured MnO2 on Carbon Nanotubes for High-Performance Electrochemical Capacitors","volume":"152","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1770","DOI":"10.1021\/am3000165","article-title":"Facile Synthesis of Graphene-Wrapped Honeycomb MnO 2 Nanospheres and Their Application in Supercapacitors","volume":"4","author":"Zhu","year":"2012","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5835","DOI":"10.1021\/nn101754k","article-title":"High-Energy MnO2 Nanowire\/Graphene and Graphene Asymmetric Electrochemical Capacitors","volume":"4","author":"Wu","year":"2010","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3825","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2010.06.047","article-title":"Fast and Reversible Surface Redox Reaction of Graphene\u2013MnO2 Composites as Supercapacitor Electrodes","volume":"48","author":"Yan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16943","DOI":"10.1039\/c2jm33364c","article-title":"Rational Synthesis of MnO2\/Conducting Polypyrrole@carbon Nanofiber Triaxial Nano-Cables for High-Performance Supercapacitors","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2012.02.048","article-title":"Highly Conductive Electrospun Carbon Nanofiber\/MnO2 Coaxial Nano-Cables for High Energy and Power Density Supercapacitors","volume":"208","author":"Zhi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2873","DOI":"10.1039\/C9QI00596J","article-title":"Controllable Synthesis and Electrochemical Capacitor Performance of MOF-Derived MnOx \/N-Doped Carbon\/MnO2 Composites","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inorg. Chem. Front."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2020.127059","article-title":"Continuous and Controllable Synthesis of MnO2\/PPy Composites with Core\u2013Shell Structures for Supercapacitors","volume":"405","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2741","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.5b11022","article-title":"A Novel and Facile One-Pot Solvothermal Synthesis of PEDOT\u2013PSS\/Ni\u2013Mn\u2013Co\u2013O Hybrid as an Advanced Supercapacitor Electrode Material","volume":"8","author":"Yin","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3304","DOI":"10.1039\/C5TA10515C","article-title":"Electrochemical Synthesis of Au\u2013MnO2 on Electrophoretically Prepared Graphene Nanocomposite for High Performance Supercapacitor and Biosensor Applications","volume":"4","author":"Veeramani","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A Mater."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127946","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2023.127946","article-title":"Boosting the Electrochemical Activities of MnO2 for Next-Generation Supercapacitor Application: Adaptation of Multiple Approaches","volume":"343","author":"Khalid","year":"2023","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"03002","DOI":"10.1051\/e3sconf\/20197903002","article-title":"Synthesis and Characterization of Nickel-Doped Manganese Dioxide Electrode Materials for Supercapacitors","volume":"79","author":"Dong","year":"2019","journal-title":"E3S Web Conf."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmt.2016.03.003","article-title":"Transition Metal Doped MnO2 Nanosheets Grown on Internal Surface of Macroporous Carbon for Supercapacitors and Oxygen Reduction Reaction Electrocatalysts","volume":"3","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Mater. Today"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4406","DOI":"10.1021\/jp7108785","article-title":"Effect of Crystallographic Structure of MnO2 on Its Electrochemical Capacitance Properties","volume":"112","author":"Devaraj","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1415","DOI":"10.1002\/wcms.1415","article-title":"LASP: Fast Global Potential Energy Surface Exploration","volume":"9","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"WIREs Comput. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35556","DOI":"10.1039\/D2RA06664E","article-title":"MnO2-Based Materials for Supercapacitor Electrodes: Challenges, Strategies and Prospects","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2021.03.528","article-title":"Synthesis and Characterization of \u03b1-MnO2 Nanoparticles for Supercapacitor Application","volume":"47","author":"Sivakumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-4596(90)90228-P","article-title":"Sol-Gel Synthesis of Manganese Oxides","volume":"88","author":"Bach","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Solid. State Chem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-7753(03)00600-1","article-title":"Sol\u2013Gel MnO2 as an Electrode Material for Electrochemical Capacitors","volume":"124","author":"Reddy","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2018.06.003","article-title":"Hierarchical Multidimensional MnO2 via Hydrothermal Synthesis for High Performance Supercapacitors","volume":"281","author":"Bai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1021\/cm9801643","article-title":"Preparation of Layered MnO2 via Thermal Decomposition of KMnO4 and Its Electrochemical Characterizations","volume":"11","author":"Kim","year":"1999","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mseb.2020.114754","article-title":"One-Step Direct Fabrication of Manganese Oxide Electrodes by Low-Temperature Thermal Decomposition of Manganese Formate-Amine Ink for Supercapacitors","volume":"262","author":"Yabuki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. B"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3750","DOI":"10.1039\/C6NJ04118C","article-title":"Electrochemical Synthesis of MnO2 Porous Nanowires for Flexible All-Solid-State Supercapacitor","volume":"41","author":"Song","year":"2017","journal-title":"New J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1007\/s12034-020-02247-8","article-title":"Manganese Dioxide Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Application and Challenges","volume":"43","author":"Dawadi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bull. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1557\/jmr.2013.238","article-title":"Solvothermal Synthesis of Shape-Controlled Manganese Oxide Materials and Their Electrochemical Capacitive Performances","volume":"29","author":"Ko","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrp.2021.100657","article-title":"Cathode Materials for High-Performance Potassium-Ion Batteries","volume":"2","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep. Phys. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2009.10.108","article-title":"A Cheap Asymmetric Supercapacitor with High Energy at High Power: Activated Carbon\/\/K0.27MnO2\u00b70.6H2O","volume":"195","author":"Qu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2017.03.059","article-title":"Graphene-Doped Carbon Xerogel Combining High Electrical Conductivity and Surface Area for Optimized Aqueous Supercapacitors","volume":"118","author":"Arenillas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1351\/pac198557040603","article-title":"Reporting Physisorption Data for Gas\/Solid Systems with Special Reference to the Determination of Surface Area and Porosity (Recommendations 1984)","volume":"57","author":"Sing","year":"1985","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiec.2024.06.041","article-title":"Enhanced the Electrochemical Performance of Ni-Doped \u03b1-MnO2 Prepared with One-Pot Process for Supercapacitors","volume":"141","author":"Tan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Ind. Eng. Chem."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117809","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2023.117809","article-title":"Scalable Synthesis of K+\/Na+ Pre-Intercalated \u03b1-MnO2 via Taylor Fluid Flow-Assisted Hydrothermal Reaction for High-Performance Asymmetric Supercapacitors","volume":"948","author":"Mofokeng","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, D., Xie, X., Zhang, Y., Zhang, D., Du, W., Zhang, X., and Wang, B. (2020). MnO2\/Carbon Composites for Supercapacitor: Synthesis and Electrochemical Performance. Front. Mater., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmats.2020.00002"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micromeso.2014.04.048","article-title":"RF Xerogels with Tailored Porosity over the Entire Nanoscale","volume":"195","author":"Arenillas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microporous Mesoporous Mater."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, C., Zhang, J., Young, N.P., Snaith, H.J., and Grant, P.S. (2016). Solid-State Supercapacitors with Rationally Designed Heterogeneous Electrodes Fabricated by Large Area Spray Processing for Wearable Energy Storage Applications. Sci. Rep., 6.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep25684"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137979","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2021.137979","article-title":"Strategic Harmonization of Surface Charge Distribution with Tunable Redox Radical for High-Performing MnO2-Based Supercapacitor","volume":"375","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2408476","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202408476","article-title":"Mechanistic Understanding of the Underlying Energy Storage Mechanism of A-MnO2-based Pseudo-Supercapacitors","volume":"36","author":"Deng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1039\/b111723h","article-title":"Rational Synthesis of \u03b1-MnO2 Single-Crystal Nanorods","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karamanova, B., Mladenova, E., Thomas, M., Rey-Raap, N., Arenillas, A., Lufrano, F., and Stoyanova, A. (2023). Electrochemical Performance of Symmetric Solid-State Supercapacitors Based on Carbon Xerogel Electrodes and Solid Polymer Electrolytes. Gels, 9.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202311.1478.v1"},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"e00770","article-title":"Highly Stable and Reliable Asymmetric Solid-State Supercapacitors with Low Self-Discharge Rates","volume":"38","author":"Thomas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sustain. Mater. Technol."}],"container-title":["Gels"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2310-2861\/11\/1\/68\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T10:29:17Z","timestamp":1759919357000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2310-2861\/11\/1\/68"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,15]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["gels11010068"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/gels11010068","relation":{},"ISSN":["2310-2861"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2310-2861","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,15]]}}}