{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T20:06:14Z","timestamp":1778097974701,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]],"date-time":"2025-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740355200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT: FEDER: PORTUGAL2020 and COMPETE2020","award":["UID\/QUI\/00686\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/QUI\/00686\/2019"]}]},{"name":"FCT: FEDER: PORTUGAL2020 and COMPETE2020","award":["UIDP\/CTM\/05256\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/CTM\/05256\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT: FEDER: PORTUGAL2020 and COMPETE2020","award":["UIDB\/05256\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/05256\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT: FEDER: PORTUGAL2020 and COMPETE2020","award":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT: FEDER: PORTUGAL2020 and COMPETE2020","award":["CEECINST\/00156\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECINST\/00156\/2018"]}]},{"name":"FCT: FEDER: PORTUGAL2020 and COMPETE2020","award":["2020.07743.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.07743.BD"]}]},{"name":"FCT: FEDER: PORTUGAL2020 and COMPETE2020","award":["2021.07290.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021.07290.BD"]}]},{"name":"FCT: FEDER: PORTUGAL2020 and COMPETE2020","award":["2023.01012.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023.01012.BD"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gels"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Over the years, our research group developed dehydrodipeptides N-capped with aromatic moieties as protease-resistant efficacious hydrogelators, affording self-assembled hydrogels at low (critical) concentrations. Dehydrotripeptides, with different dipeptide sequences and (D,L) stereochemistry, open a wider chemical space for the development of self-assembled soft nanomaterials. In this work, a small library of N-succinylated dehydrotripeptides containing a C-terminal dehydrophenylalanine (\u2206Phe) residue and a scrambled dipeptide sequence with phenylalanine (Phe) and homophenylalanine (Hph) (L-Phe-L,D-Hph and L,D-Hph-L-Phe) was synthesized and characterized as a potential hydrogelator. Two pairs of diastereomeric tripeptides were synthesized, both as C-protected methyl esters and as deprotected dicarboxylic acids. Peptides with the sequence Hph-Phe-\u0394Phe were obtained as a pair (D,L,Z)\/(L,L,Z) of diastereomers. Their scrambled sequence analogues Phe-Hph-\u0394Phe were obtained also as a diastereomeric (L,D,Z)\/(L,L,Z) pair. The effect of stereochemistry (homo- vs. hetero-chirality) and sequence (Phe-\u2206Phe vs. Hph-\u2206Phe motif) on the self-assembly, biocompatibility, gelation and rheological properties of the hydrogels was studied in this work. Accessible, both as C-protected methyl esters and as dicarboxylic acids, N-succinylated dehydrotripeptides are interesting molecular architectures for the development of supramolecular nanomaterials. Interestingly, our results do not comply with the well-documented proposition that heterochiral peptides display much higher self-assembly propensity and gelation ability than their homochiral counterparts. Further studies will be necessary to fully understand the interplay between peptide sequence and homo- and hetero-chirality on peptide self-assembly and on the properties of their supramolecular materials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/gels11030164","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]],"date-time":"2025-02-24T10:52:47Z","timestamp":1740394367000},"page":"164","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Tripeptides Featuring Dehydrophenylalanine and Homophenylalanine: Homo- Versus Hetero-Chirality and Sequence Effects on Self-Assembly and Gelation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4816-6371","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9 F.","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Chemistry, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7380-3992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Chemistry, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5340-4151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Chemistry, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1243-0265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Figueiredo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNC\u2014Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"PhD Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), University of Coimbra, Casa Costa Alem\u00e3o, 3030-789 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNC\u2014Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Almac Sciences, Department of Biocatalysis and Isotope Chemistry, Almac House, 20 Seagoe Industrial Estate, Craigavon BT63 5QD, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0384-7592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David M.","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE\/LAQV, Laborat\u00f3rio de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, n 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9936-8088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Loic","family":"Hilliou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Polymers and Composites, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4319-2631","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Ba\u00f1obre-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Av. Mestre Jos\u00e9 Veiga s\/n, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4639-387X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bing","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02453, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3279-6731","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula M. T.","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Chemistry, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9323-3978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 A.","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Chemistry, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"268","article-title":"Peptide-Based Nanomaterials: Self-Assembly, Properties and Applications","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioact. 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