{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T22:19:45Z","timestamp":1777587585801,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":124,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]],"date-time":"2025-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744243200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"national funds through FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/00285"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/00285"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"national funds through FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LA\/P\/0112\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0112\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"national funds through FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/00645\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/00645\/2025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"national funds through FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["REEQ\/481\/QUI\/2006-RECI\/QEQ-QFI\/0168\/2012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["REEQ\/481\/QUI\/2006-RECI\/QEQ-QFI\/0168\/2012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"national funds through FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CENTRO-07-CT62-FEDER-002012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CENTRO-07-CT62-FEDER-002012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"national funds through FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021.08025.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021.08025.BD"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"national funds through FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["REEQ\/481\/QUI\/2006-RECI\/QEQ-QFI\/0168\/2012, CENTRO-07-CT62-FEDER-002012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["REEQ\/481\/QUI\/2006-RECI\/QEQ-QFI\/0168\/2012, CENTRO-07-CT62-FEDER-002012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia under Strategic Programme","award":["UID\/00285"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/00285"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia under Strategic Programme","award":["LA\/P\/0112\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0112\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia under Strategic Programme","award":["UID\/00645\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/00645\/2025"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia under Strategic Programme","award":["REEQ\/481\/QUI\/2006-RECI\/QEQ-QFI\/0168\/2012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["REEQ\/481\/QUI\/2006-RECI\/QEQ-QFI\/0168\/2012"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia under Strategic Programme","award":["CENTRO-07-CT62-FEDER-002012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CENTRO-07-CT62-FEDER-002012"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia under Strategic Programme","award":["2021.08025.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021.08025.BD"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia under Strategic Programme","award":["REEQ\/481\/QUI\/2006-RECI\/QEQ-QFI\/0168\/2012, CENTRO-07-CT62-FEDER-002012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["REEQ\/481\/QUI\/2006-RECI\/QEQ-QFI\/0168\/2012, CENTRO-07-CT62-FEDER-002012"]}]},{"name":"FEDER through the COMPETE Programme and by FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["UID\/00285"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/00285"]}]},{"name":"FEDER through the COMPETE Programme and by FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["LA\/P\/0112\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0112\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FEDER through the COMPETE Programme and by FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["UID\/00645\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/00645\/2025"]}]},{"name":"FEDER through the COMPETE Programme and by FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["REEQ\/481\/QUI\/2006-RECI\/QEQ-QFI\/0168\/2012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["REEQ\/481\/QUI\/2006-RECI\/QEQ-QFI\/0168\/2012"]}]},{"name":"FEDER through the COMPETE Programme and by FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["CENTRO-07-CT62-FEDER-002012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CENTRO-07-CT62-FEDER-002012"]}]},{"name":"FEDER through the COMPETE Programme and by FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["2021.08025.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021.08025.BD"]}]},{"name":"FEDER through the COMPETE Programme and by FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["REEQ\/481\/QUI\/2006-RECI\/QEQ-QFI\/0168\/2012, CENTRO-07-CT62-FEDER-002012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["REEQ\/481\/QUI\/2006-RECI\/QEQ-QFI\/0168\/2012, CENTRO-07-CT62-FEDER-002012"]}]},{"name":"Rede Nacional de Resson\u00e2ncia Magn\u00e9tica Nuclear (RNRRMN)","award":["UID\/00285"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/00285"]}]},{"name":"Rede Nacional de Resson\u00e2ncia Magn\u00e9tica Nuclear (RNRRMN)","award":["LA\/P\/0112\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0112\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Rede Nacional de Resson\u00e2ncia Magn\u00e9tica Nuclear (RNRRMN)","award":["UID\/00645\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/00645\/2025"]}]},{"name":"Rede Nacional de Resson\u00e2ncia Magn\u00e9tica Nuclear (RNRRMN)","award":["REEQ\/481\/QUI\/2006-RECI\/QEQ-QFI\/0168\/2012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["REEQ\/481\/QUI\/2006-RECI\/QEQ-QFI\/0168\/2012"]}]},{"name":"Rede Nacional de Resson\u00e2ncia Magn\u00e9tica Nuclear (RNRRMN)","award":["CENTRO-07-CT62-FEDER-002012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CENTRO-07-CT62-FEDER-002012"]}]},{"name":"Rede Nacional de Resson\u00e2ncia Magn\u00e9tica Nuclear (RNRRMN)","award":["2021.08025.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021.08025.BD"]}]},{"name":"Rede Nacional de Resson\u00e2ncia Magn\u00e9tica Nuclear (RNRRMN)","award":["REEQ\/481\/QUI\/2006-RECI\/QEQ-QFI\/0168\/2012, CENTRO-07-CT62-FEDER-002012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["REEQ\/481\/QUI\/2006-RECI\/QEQ-QFI\/0168\/2012, CENTRO-07-CT62-FEDER-002012"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["UID\/00285"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/00285"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["LA\/P\/0112\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0112\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["UID\/00645\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/00645\/2025"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["REEQ\/481\/QUI\/2006-RECI\/QEQ-QFI\/0168\/2012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["REEQ\/481\/QUI\/2006-RECI\/QEQ-QFI\/0168\/2012"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["CENTRO-07-CT62-FEDER-002012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CENTRO-07-CT62-FEDER-002012"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["2021.08025.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021.08025.BD"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["REEQ\/481\/QUI\/2006-RECI\/QEQ-QFI\/0168\/2012, CENTRO-07-CT62-FEDER-002012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["REEQ\/481\/QUI\/2006-RECI\/QEQ-QFI\/0168\/2012, CENTRO-07-CT62-FEDER-002012"]}]},{"name":"mobility program Erasmus+","award":["UID\/00285"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/00285"]}]},{"name":"mobility program Erasmus+","award":["LA\/P\/0112\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0112\/2020"]}]},{"name":"mobility program Erasmus+","award":["UID\/00645\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/00645\/2025"]}]},{"name":"mobility program Erasmus+","award":["REEQ\/481\/QUI\/2006-RECI\/QEQ-QFI\/0168\/2012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["REEQ\/481\/QUI\/2006-RECI\/QEQ-QFI\/0168\/2012"]}]},{"name":"mobility program Erasmus+","award":["CENTRO-07-CT62-FEDER-002012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CENTRO-07-CT62-FEDER-002012"]}]},{"name":"mobility program Erasmus+","award":["2021.08025.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021.08025.BD"]}]},{"name":"mobility program Erasmus+","award":["REEQ\/481\/QUI\/2006-RECI\/QEQ-QFI\/0168\/2012, CENTRO-07-CT62-FEDER-002012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["REEQ\/481\/QUI\/2006-RECI\/QEQ-QFI\/0168\/2012, CENTRO-07-CT62-FEDER-002012"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["UID\/00285"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/00285"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["LA\/P\/0112\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0112\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["UID\/00645\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/00645\/2025"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["REEQ\/481\/QUI\/2006-RECI\/QEQ-QFI\/0168\/2012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["REEQ\/481\/QUI\/2006-RECI\/QEQ-QFI\/0168\/2012"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["CENTRO-07-CT62-FEDER-002012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CENTRO-07-CT62-FEDER-002012"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["2021.08025.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021.08025.BD"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["REEQ\/481\/QUI\/2006-RECI\/QEQ-QFI\/0168\/2012, CENTRO-07-CT62-FEDER-002012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["REEQ\/481\/QUI\/2006-RECI\/QEQ-QFI\/0168\/2012, CENTRO-07-CT62-FEDER-002012"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gels"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Non-biodegradable superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) in personal care products (PCPs) pose significant environmental and health concerns despite their high absorption capacity. The aim of this study was to develop cellulose-based hydrogels as a sustainable alternative to those conventional SAPs, taking advantage of cellulose properties such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, and hydrophilicity. A synthesized allyl cellulose (AC) derivative was copolymerized with unusual monomers used in the production of SAPs, and the influence of monomer ratios, crosslinking density, and the ratio of cellulose to monomers on the absorption capacity was investigated and optimized. The most promising hydrogels were fully characterized for the proposed application and compared with a commercial SAP extracted from a baby diaper. The cellulose-based hydrogels showed promising absorption capacities in synthetic urine (~15 g\/g), and a high centrifuge retention capacity (12.5 g\/g), which was only slightly lower than the commercial SAP. These new hydrogels exhibited excellent biocompatibility and outperformed the established commercial diaper SAP. This study represents a more sustainable alternative to conventional SAPs, potentially reducing health risks while increasing the bio-based content of PCPs. Further optimization of these hydrogels could transform the hygiene product industry, by providing a balance between performance and environmental sustainability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/gels11040282","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]],"date-time":"2025-04-10T10:47:41Z","timestamp":1744282061000},"page":"282","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Development of Polyampholyte Cellulose-Based Hydrogels for Diapers with Improved Biocompatibility"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Beatriz","family":"Sim\u00f5es","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CEMMPRE, ARISE, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua S\u00edlvio Lima-Polo II, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Biof\u00edsica e Engenharia Biom\u00e9dica, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0317-9504","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael C.","family":"Rebelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEMMPRE, ARISE, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua S\u00edlvio Lima-Polo II, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9183-4574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Ledesma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Qu\u00edmica y Tecnolog\u00edas del Medio Ambiente (IQTMA), Universidad de Zaragoza, C\/Mar\u00eda de Luna, 3., 50018 Zaragoza, Spain"},{"name":"CERES, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua S\u00edlvio Lima-Polo II, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5665-5271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patr\u00edcia","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEMMPRE, ARISE, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua S\u00edlvio Lima-Polo II, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"IPN, Instituto Pedro Nunes, Associa\u00e7\u00e3o para a Inova\u00e7\u00e3o e Desenvolvimento em Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia, Rua Pedro Nunes, 3030-199 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERES, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua S\u00edlvio Lima-Polo II, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7988-7545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Br\u00edgida C.","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Biof\u00edsica e Engenharia Biom\u00e9dica, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jorge F. J.","family":"Coelho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEMMPRE, ARISE, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua S\u00edlvio Lima-Polo II, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"IPN, Instituto Pedro Nunes, Associa\u00e7\u00e3o para a Inova\u00e7\u00e3o e Desenvolvimento em Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia, Rua Pedro Nunes, 3030-199 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8664-2757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arm\u00e9nio C.","family":"Serra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEMMPRE, ARISE, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua S\u00edlvio Lima-Polo II, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2853","DOI":"10.1002\/pat.4290","article-title":"Cellulose-Based Hydrogels for Personal Care Products","volume":"29","author":"Bashari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Polym. Adv. Technol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1177\/0734242X20954271","article-title":"Waste Management and Environmental Impact of Absorbent Hygiene Products: A Review","volume":"39","author":"Perez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Waste Manag. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bae, J., Kwon, H., and Kim, J. (2018). Safety Evaluation of Absorbent Hygiene Pads: A Review on Assessment Framework and Test Methods. Sustainability, 10.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201810.0160.v1"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.167229","article-title":"Physiological Impact of Personal Care Product Constituents on Non-Target Aquatic Organisms","volume":"905","author":"Jyoti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"1009","article-title":"Disposable Diapers: Impact of Disposal Methods on Public Health and the Environment","volume":"1","author":"Ntekpe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.155339","article-title":"End-of-Life Management of Single-Use Baby Diapers: Analysis of Technical, Health and Environment Aspects","volume":"836","author":"Mostafa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5212","DOI":"10.1007\/s10924-024-03297-3","article-title":"Development and Characterization of Sodium Alginate-Based Bio-Hybrid Super Absorbent Polymer with High Retention Capacity Suitable for Baby Diapers","volume":"32","author":"Ismaeilimoghadam","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Polym. Environ."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spc.2023.04.012","article-title":"Life Cycle Assessment of Absorbent Hygiene Product Waste: Evaluation and Comparison of Different End-of-Life Scenarios","volume":"38","author":"Demichelis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sustain. Prod. Consum."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2022.106493","article-title":"Used Disposable Nappies: Environmental Burden or Resource for Biofuel Production and Material Recovery?","volume":"185","author":"Tsigkou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.2495\/SC120501","article-title":"New Technologies for Feminine Hygiene Products with Reduced Environmental Impact","volume":"Volume 155","author":"Carlucci","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proceedings of the WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, Y., Liang, Z., Zhang, R., Zhou, S., Yang, H., Chen, Y., Zhang, J., Yin, H., and Yu, D. (2024). Research Advances in Superabsorbent Polymers. Polymers, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym16040501"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Mondal, M.I.H. (2018). Cellulose-Based Hydrogel for Personal Hygiene Applications. Cellulose-Based Superabsorbent Hydrogels, Springer International Publishing."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16223","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-021-06306-1","article-title":"Factors Affecting the Properties of Superabsorbent Polymer Hydrogels and Methods to Improve Their Performance: A Review","volume":"56","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1007\/s10965-020-02097-2","article-title":"Development History and Synthesis of Super-Absorbent Polymers: A Review","volume":"27","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Polym. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1021\/ed073p512","article-title":"Superabsorbent Polymers: An Idea Whose Time Has Come","volume":"73","author":"Buchholz","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Chem. Educ."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Darbre, P.D. (2023). Chapter 1-Introduction to Personal Care Products. Personal Care Products and Human Health, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-99684-6.00008-2"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pati\u00f1o-Mas\u00f3, J., Serra-Parareda, F., Tarr\u00e9s, Q., Mutj\u00e9, P., Espinach, F.X., and Delgado-Aguilar, M. (2019). TEMPO-Oxidized Cellulose Nanofibers: A Potential Bio-Based Superabsorbent for Diaper Production. Nanomaterials, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano9091271"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s40204-018-0095-0","article-title":"Cellulose-Based Hydrogel Materials: Chemistry, Properties and Their Prospective Applications","volume":"7","author":"Kabir","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.3390\/ma2020353","article-title":"Biodegradable Cellulose-Based Hydrogels: Design and Applications","volume":"2","author":"Sannino","year":"2009","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.1039\/D1TB02848K","article-title":"Cellulose: A Fascinating Biopolymer for Hydrogel Synthesis","volume":"10","author":"Bhaladhare","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3358","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200460587","article-title":"Cellulose: Fascinating Biopolymer and Sustainable Raw Material","volume":"44","author":"Klemm","year":"2005","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"100014","article-title":"Polysaccharide Based Superabsorbent Hydrogels and Their Methods of Synthesis: A Review","volume":"1","author":"Qureshi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym. Technol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zou, P., Yao, J., Cui, Y.-N., Zhao, T., Che, J., Yang, M., Li, Z., and Gao, C. (2022). Advances in Cellulose-Based Hydrogels for Biomedical Engineering: A Review Summary. Gels, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/gels8060364"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crgsc.2021.100252","article-title":"Cellulose Hydrogels: Green and Sustainable Soft Biomaterials","volume":"5","author":"Kundu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Res. Green Sustain. Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berradi, A., Aziz, F., Achaby, M.E., Ouazzani, N., and Mandi, L. (2023). A Comprehensive Review of Polysaccharide-Based Hydrogels as Promising Biomaterials. Polymers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15132908"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2010.12.023","article-title":"Cellulose-Based Hydrogels: Present Status and Application Prospects","volume":"84","author":"Chang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, T., Chen, W., Li, K., Long, S., Li, X., and Huang, Y. (2023). Toughening Weak Polyampholyte Hydrogels with Weak Chain Entanglements via a Secondary Equilibrium Approach. Polymers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15122644"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toleutay, G., Su, E., and Yelemessova, G. (2023). Equimolar Polyampholyte Hydrogel Synthesis Strategies with Adaptable Properties. Polymers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15143131"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haag, S.L., and Bernards, M.T. (2017). Polyampholyte Hydrogels in Biomedical Applications. Gels, 3.","DOI":"10.3390\/gels3040041"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1762","DOI":"10.1002\/cjce.24601","article-title":"Performance of a Novel, Eco-Friendly, Cellulose-Based Superabsorbent Polymer (Cellulo-SAP): Absorbency, Stability, Reusability, and Biodegradability","volume":"101","author":"Arredondo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Can. J. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Omidian, H., Akhzarmehr, A., and Chowdhury, S.D. (2024). Advancements in Cellulose-Based Superabsorbent Hydrogels: Sustainable Solutions across Industries. Gels, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/gels10030174"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-008-9230-8","article-title":"Effects of Temperature and Molecular Weight on Dissolution of Cellulose in NaOH\/Urea Aqueous Solution","volume":"15","author":"Qi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cellulose"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1007\/s00107-019-01457-0","article-title":"The Impact of the Introduction of Hydrolyzed Cellulose on the Thermal and Mechanical Properties of LDPE Composites","volume":"77","author":"Paula","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Wood Wood Prod."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.3329\/dujps.v13i2.21899","article-title":"Preparation of Microcrystalline Cellulose from Cotton and Its Evaluation as Direct Compressible Excipient in the Formulation of Naproxen Tablets","volume":"13","author":"Setu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-012-9687-3","article-title":"Homogenous Synthesis of 3-Allyloxy-2-Hydroxypropyl-Cellulose in NaOH\/Urea Aqueous System","volume":"19","author":"Qi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cellulose"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2019.115366","article-title":"Highly Transparent, Weakly Hydrophilic and Biodegradable Cellulose Film for Flexible Electroluminescent Devices","volume":"227","author":"Tong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2096","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.9b00322","article-title":"Highly Stretchable and Compressible Cellulose Ionic Hydrogels for Flexible Strain Sensors","volume":"20","author":"Tong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva, R., Rebelo, R.C., Paula, C.T.B., Pereira, P., Fonseca, A.C., Serra, A.C., and Coelho, J.F.J. (2025). All-Cellulose Resin for 3D Printing Hydrogels via Digital Light Processing (DLP). Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 306.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.141389"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1813","DOI":"10.1007\/s00107-024-02126-7","article-title":"Novel Thermally Regenerated Flexible Cellulose-Based Films","volume":"82","author":"Moreira","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Wood Wood Prod."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ribeiro, D.C.M., Rebelo, R.C., De Bon, F., Coelho, J.F.J., and Serra, A.C. (2021). Process Development for Flexible Films of Industrial Cellulose Pulp Using Superbase Ionic Liquids. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13111767"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-022-04997-6","article-title":"Cellulose-Based Films with Internal Plasticization with Epoxidized Soybean Oil","volume":"30","author":"Rebelo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cellulose"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tong, R., Chen, G., Tian, J., and He, M. (2019). Highly Stretchable, Strain-Sensitive, and Ionic-Conductive Cellulose-Based Hydrogels for Wearable Sensors. Polymers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym11122067"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, J.S., Kim, D.H., and Lee, Y.S. (2021). The Influence of Monomer Composition and Surface-CrossLinking Condition on Biodegradation and Gel Strength of Super Absorbent Polymer. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13040663"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mondal, M.I.H. (2019). Benefits of Renewable Hydrogels over Acrylate and Acrylamide-Based Hydrogels BT. Cellulose-Based Superabsorbent Hydrogels, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-77830-3"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109308","article-title":"Acrylic Acid\/Acrylamide Based Hydrogels and Its Properties\u2014A Review","volume":"180","author":"Sennakesavan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5984","DOI":"10.1021\/jf8004492","article-title":"Acrylamide Carcinogenicity","volume":"56","author":"Klaunig","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgm006","article-title":"A Review of Mechanisms of Acrylamide Carcinogenicity","volume":"28","author":"Besaratinia","year":"2007","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2012.09.017","article-title":"Carcinogenicity of Acrylamide in B6C3F1 Mice and F344\/N Rats from a 2-Year Drinking Water Exposure","volume":"51","author":"Beland","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-6915(95)00011-P","article-title":"Comparison of the Maximum Tolerated Dose (MTD) Dermal Response in Three Strains of Mice Following Repeated Exposure to Acrylic Acid","volume":"33","author":"McLaughlin","year":"1995","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-483X(90)90090-4","article-title":"Effects of Inhaled Acrylic Acid Derivatives in Rats","volume":"65","author":"Gut","year":"1990","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lugovi\u0107-Mihi\u0107, L., Filija, E., Varga, V., Premu\u017e, L., Para\u0107, E., Toma\u0161evi\u0107, R., Barac, E., and \u0160piljak, B. (2024). Unwanted Skin Reactions to Acrylates: An Update. Cosmetics, 11.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202406.1295.v1"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mondal, M.I.H. (2019). Synthetic Hydrogels and Their Impact on Health and Environment. Cellulose-Based Superabsorbent Hydrogels, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-77830-3"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2237","DOI":"10.1039\/C0JM02984J","article-title":"Phosphate Based 2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate Hydrogels for Biomedical Applications","volume":"21","author":"Kemal","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2021.110732","article-title":"Bisphosphonate-Functionalized Poly(Amido Amine) Crosslinked 2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate Hydrogel as Tissue Engineering Scaffold","volume":"159","author":"Guven","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19570","DOI":"10.1039\/c2jm31568h","article-title":"Osteoconductive Surfaces Generated from Peptide Functionalized Poly(2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate-Co-2-(Methacryloyloxy)Ethyl Phosphate) Brushes","volume":"22","author":"Paripovic","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.4012\/dmj.2012-108","article-title":"Photopolymerization of Phosphoric Acid Ester-Based Self-Etch Dental Adhesives","volume":"32","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dent. Mater. J."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA Panel on Food Contact Materials, Enzymes and Processing Aids (CEP), Silano, V., Barat Baviera, J.M., Bolognesi, C., Chesson, A., Cocconcelli, P.S., Crebelli, R., Gott, D.M., Grob, K., and Lambr\u00e9, C. (2020). Safety Assessment of the Substance Phosphoric Acid, Mixed Esters with 2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate, for Use in Food Contact Materials. EFSA J., 18, e06120.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2020.6120"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.3144\/expresspolymlett.2016.23","article-title":"Synthesis and Characterization of High Performance Superabsorbent Hydrogels Using Bis[2-(Methacryloyloxy)Ethyl] Phosphate as Crosslinker","volume":"10","author":"Goncalves","year":"2016","journal-title":"Express Polym. Lett."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28881","DOI":"10.1039\/D4RA03901G","article-title":"3-Sulfopropyl Acrylate Potassium-Based Polyelectrolyte Hydrogels: Sterilizable Synthetic Material for Biomedical Application","volume":"14","author":"Romischke","year":"2024","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21459","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.iecr.9b03980","article-title":"Enhanced Stability of Poly(3-Sulfopropyl Methacrylate Potassium) Brushes Coated on Artificial Implants in Combatting Bacterial Infections","volume":"58","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gallo, M., and G\u00e1miz, F. (2023). Choline: An Essential Nutrient for Human Health. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15132900"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1016\/S0899-9007(00)00349-X","article-title":"Choline: An Essential Nutrient for Humans","volume":"16","author":"Zeisel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123079","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2024.123079","article-title":"Choline Chloride Modification of Nanofiltration Membranes for Improving Heavy Metal Ions Separation in Wastewater","volume":"708","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Memb. Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2021.05.012","article-title":"Development of Di-Methacrylate Quaternary Ammonium Monomers with Antibacterial Activity","volume":"129","author":"Fanfoni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2024.125683","article-title":"NADES Systems Comprising Choline Chloride and Polyphenols: Physicochemical Characterization, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities","volume":"410","author":"Uka","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2400300","DOI":"10.1002\/marc.202400300","article-title":"High Hydrophilic and Antibacterial Efficient UV\u2212Curable Silicone\u2212Containing Choline Chloride Quaternary Ammonium Salts Functionalized Materials","volume":"45","author":"Song","year":"2024","journal-title":"Macromol. Rapid Commun."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ho, T.-C., Chang, C.-C., Chan, H.-P., Chung, T.-W., Shu, C.-W., Chuang, K.-P., Duh, T.-H., Yang, M.-H., and Tyan, Y.-C. (2022). Hydrogels: Properties and Applications in Biomedicine. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27092902"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bashir, S., Hina, M., Iqbal, J., Rajpar, A.H., Mujtaba, M.A., Alghamdi, N.A., Wageh, S., Ramesh, K., and Ramesh, S. (2020). Fundamental Concepts of Hydrogels: Synthesis, Properties, and Their Applications. Polymers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12112702"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202300812","DOI":"10.1002\/cphc.202300812","article-title":"Comparison of Structural, Water-Retaining and Sorption Properties of Acrylamide-Based Hydrogels Cross-Linked by Physical and Chemical Methods","volume":"25","author":"Siryk","year":"2024","journal-title":"ChemPhysChem"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5420","DOI":"10.1039\/C6SM00242K","article-title":"Dually Cross-Linked Single Network Poly(Acrylic Acid) Hydrogels with Superior Mechanical Properties and Water Absorbency","volume":"12","author":"Zhong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Soft Matter"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1081\/MA-120028476","article-title":"The Influence of Preparation Methods on the Swelling and Network Properties of Acrylamide Hydrogels with Crosslinkers","volume":"41","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Macromol. Sci. Part A"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1230019","DOI":"10.1142\/S0217984912300190","article-title":"Gelation Mechanisms","volume":"26","author":"Pekcan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mod. Phys. Lett. B"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1295\/polymj.PJ2008174","article-title":"Reassessment of Free-Radical Polymerization Mechanism of Allyl Acetate Based on End-Group Determination of Resulting Oligomers by MALDI-TOF-MS Spectrometry","volume":"41","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2009","journal-title":"Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11548","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.3c01937","article-title":"Crosslinking of Bacterial Cellulose toward Fabricating Ultrastretchable Hydrogels for Multiple Sensing with High Sensitivity","volume":"11","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hwang, U., Moon, H., Park, J., and Jung, H.W. (2024). Crosslinking and Swelling Properties of PH-Responsive Poly(Ethylene Glycol)\/Poly(Acrylic Acid) Interpenetrating Polymer Network Hydrogels. Polymers, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym16152149"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1038\/s43246-023-00402-2","article-title":"Enhancing Hydrogel Toughness by Uniform Cross-Linking Using Modified Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane","volume":"4","author":"Pruksawan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Commun. Mater."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nasution, H., Harahap, H., Dalimunthe, N.F., Ginting, M.H.S., Jaafar, M., Tan, O.O.H., Aruan, H.K., and Herfananda, A.L. (2022). Hydrogel and Effects of Crosslinking Agent on Cellulose-Based Hydrogels: A Review. Gels, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/gels8090568"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2012.10.002","article-title":"Biodegradable Blends of Cellulose with Synthetic Polymers and Some Other Polysaccharides","volume":"49","author":"Rogovina","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5030","DOI":"10.1039\/C5PY00847F","article-title":"Fast RAFT Aqueous Polymerization in a Continuous Tubular Reactor: Consecutive Synthesis of a Double Hydrophilic Block Copolymer","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Polym. Chem."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, J.-T., Lalevee, J., and Cheng, D.-C. (2021). A Critical Review for Synergic Kinetics and Strategies for Enhanced Photopolymerizations for 3D-Printing and Additive Manufacturing. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13142325"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14256","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.9b03555","article-title":"Ultrastretchable and Antifreezing Double-Cross-Linked Cellulose Ionic Hydrogels with High Strain Sensitivity under a Broad Range of Temperature","volume":"7","author":"Tong","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1002\/pola.27025","article-title":"Synthesis, Photopolymerization, and Adhesive Properties of Hydrolytically Stable Phosphonic Acid-Containing (Meth)Acrylamides","volume":"52","author":"Altin","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Polym. Sci. Part A Polym. Chem."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1021\/acsapm.0c01140","article-title":"Superior Water-Resistant Poly(2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate Phosphate) Flame Retardant and a Transparent, Flame-Retardant, and Biodegradable Poly(Lactide) Blend Film","volume":"3","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Polym. Mater."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5392074","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/5392074","article-title":"Transpicuous-Cum-Fouling Resistant Copolymers of 3-Sulfopropyl Methacrylate and Methyl Methacrylate for Optronics Applications in Aquatic Medium and Healthcare","volume":"2020","author":"Mushtaq","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Polym. Technol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2020.104436","article-title":"Removal of Dye from Aqueous Medium with PH-Sensitive Poly[(2-(Acryloyloxy)Ethyl]Trimethylammonium Chloride-Co-1-Vinyl-2-Pyrrolidone] Cationic Hydrogel","volume":"8","author":"Onder","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2020.12.254","article-title":"Impact of Phosphate Ester Addition on the Cytotoxicity of Heat Cured Denture Base Material","volume":"42","author":"Hussein","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Bon, F., Azevedo, I.M., Ribeiro, D.C.M., Rebelo, R.C., Coelho, J.F.J., and Serra, A.C. (2022). Scaling-Up an Aqueous Self-Degassing Electrochemically Mediated ATRP in Dispersion for the Preparation of Cellulose-Polymer Composites and Films. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14224981"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1080\/03602559.2012.719171","article-title":"Photo and Thermal Degradation of a Cationic Superabsorbent Polymer","volume":"52","author":"Shukla","year":"2013","journal-title":"Polym. Plast. Technol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8795","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.macromol.2c01487","article-title":"Strong Anionic\/Charge-Neutral Block Copolymers from Cu(0)-Mediated Reversible Deactivation Radical Polymerization","volume":"55","author":"Pelras","year":"2022","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115022","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2019.115022","article-title":"Preparation of Acrylamide\/Acrylic Acid Cellulose Hydrogels for the Adsorption of Heavy Metal Ions","volume":"224","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2013.01.089","article-title":"Synthesis of Wheat Straw Cellulose-g-Poly (Potassium Acrylate)\/PVA Semi-IPNs Superabsorbent Resin","volume":"94","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101618","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtcomm.2020.101618","article-title":"Thermal Characteristics and Flame Retardance Behavior of Phosphoric Acid-Containing Poly(Methacrylates) Synthesized by RAFT Polymerization","volume":"25","author":"Hajiali","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Today Commun."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1021\/acspolymersau.1c00044","article-title":"Protected Poly(3-Sulfopropyl Methacrylate) Copolymers: Synthesis, Stability, and Orthogonal Deprotection","volume":"2","author":"Hofman","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Polym. Au"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9419","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.9b00651","article-title":"Sustainable Production of Cellulose-Based Hydrogels with Superb Absorbing Potential in Physiological Saline","volume":"4","author":"Alam","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., He, G., Li, Z., Hua, J., Wu, M., Gong, J., Zhang, J., Ban, L., and Huang, L. (2018). Novel Biological Hydrogel: Swelling Behaviors Study in Salt Solutions with Different Ionic Valence Number. Polymers, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym10020112"},{"key":"ref_96","first-page":"1153","article-title":"Urinalysis: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"71","author":"Simerville","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2349","DOI":"10.1177\/1045389X21995880","article-title":"A Review on Swelling Theories of PH-Sensitive Hydrogels","volume":"32","author":"Bayat","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Intell. Mater. Syst. Struct."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Furukawa, N., and Fujihara, H. (1991). Acidity, Hydrogen Bonding and Metal Complexation of Sulfonic Acids and Derivatives. Sulphonic Acids, Esters and Their Derivatives (1991), John Wiley & Sons. PATAI\u2019S Chemistry of Functional Groups.","DOI":"10.1002\/chin.199135305"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14672","DOI":"10.1039\/D4NJ02316A","article-title":"Ionic Polymer Absorbents Inspired by Deep Eutectic Solvents to Recover Cobalt and Nickel","volume":"48","author":"Bastos","year":"2024","journal-title":"New J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carres.2006.01.027","article-title":"Crosslinked Carboxymethylchitosan-g-Poly(Acrylic Acid) Copolymer as a Novel Superabsorbent Polymer","volume":"341","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Res."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2006.12.020","article-title":"Collagen-Based Highly Porous Hydrogel without Any Porogen: Synthesis and Characteristics","volume":"43","author":"Pourjavadi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2020.116763","article-title":"Superabsorbent Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose Membranes Based on a New Cross-Linker Combination for Female Sanitary Napkin Applications","volume":"248","author":"Reshma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39002","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.2c04744","article-title":"Synthesis, Characterization, and Swelling Properties of a New Highly Absorbent Hydrogel Based on Carboxymethyl Guar Gum Reinforced with Bentonite and Silica Particles for Disposable Hygiene Products","volume":"7","author":"Bachra","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmt.2016.07.002","article-title":"High Absorbency Cellulose Acetate Electrospun Nanofibers for Feminine Hygiene Application","volume":"4","author":"Yadav","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Mater. Today"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2019.03.013","article-title":"Development of a Biobased Superabsorbent Polymer from Recycled Cellulose for Diapers Applications","volume":"116","author":"Lacoste","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rinma.2020.100156","article-title":"A New Approach for Assessing the Absorption of Disposable Baby Diapers and Superabsorbent Polymers: A Comparative Study","volume":"8","author":"Bachra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Results Mater."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2967","DOI":"10.1246\/bcsj.44.2967","article-title":"Properties of Water in Macromoleular Gels. III. Dilatometric Studies of the Properties of Water in Macromolecular Gels","volume":"44","author":"Aizawa","year":"1971","journal-title":"Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymertesting.2006.01.011","article-title":"Rheological Determination of the Swollen Gel Strength of Superabsorbent Polymer Hydrogels","volume":"25","author":"Yousefi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Polym. Test."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5179","DOI":"10.1007\/s10924-024-03315-4","article-title":"Biocompatible Cellulose-Based Superabsorbents for Personal Care Products","volume":"32","author":"Rebelo","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Polym. Environ."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saraiva, S., R\u00e9nio, F., Pereira, P., Santos, P., Paula, C.T.B., Ramalho, A., Serra, A.C., and Fonseca, A.C. (2025). Tackling the Problem of Tendon Adhesions: Physical Barriers Prepared from \u03b1-Amino Acid-Based Poly(Ester Amide)S. Polymers, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym17030395"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2021.112498","article-title":"Development of Electrospun Mats Based on Hydrophobic Hydroxypropyl Cellulose Derivatives","volume":"131","author":"Saraiva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paula, C.T.B., Leandro, A., Pereira, P., Coelho, J.F.J., Fonseca, A.C., and Serra, A.C. (2024). Fast-Gelling Polyethylene Glycol\/Polyethyleneimine Hydrogels Degradable by Visible-Light. Macromol. Biosci., 24.","DOI":"10.1002\/mabi.202300289"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2021.08.015","article-title":"Production of Nanocellulose Gels and Films from Invasive Tree Species","volume":"188","author":"Almeida","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10951","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-024-06222-y","article-title":"Improvement of the Properties of Nanocellulose Suspensions and Films by the Presence of Residual Lignin","volume":"31","author":"Almeida","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cellulose"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1002\/mabi.200400222","article-title":"Rapid Dissolution of Cellulose in LiOH\/Urea and NaOH\/Urea Aqueous Solutions","volume":"5","author":"Cai","year":"2005","journal-title":"Macromol. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1295\/polymj.32.866","article-title":"Solubility of Cellulose in NaOH\/Urea Aqueous Solution","volume":"32","author":"Zhou","year":"2000","journal-title":"Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4111","DOI":"10.1039\/D2PY00231K","article-title":"In Situ Monitoring of Cellulose Etherification in Solution: Probing the Impact of Solvent Composition on the Synthesis of 3-Allyloxy-2-Hydroxypropyl-Cellulose in Aqueous Hydroxide Systems","volume":"13","author":"Naserifar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Polym. Chem."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kleemann, C., Zink, J., Selmer, I., Smirnova, I., and Kulozik, U. (2020). Effect of Ethanol on the Textural Properties of Whey Protein and Egg White Protein Hydrogels during Water-Ethanol Solvent Exchange. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25194417"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2021.112520","article-title":"Development of Light-Degradable Poly(Urethane-Urea) Hydrogel Films","volume":"131","author":"Paula","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106067","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reactfunctpolym.2024.106067","article-title":"Electrospun Mats from \u03b1-Amino Acid Based Poly(Ester Amide)s: A Promising Material for the Prevention of Tendon Adhesions","volume":"205","author":"Saraiva","year":"2024","journal-title":"React. Funct. Polym."},{"key":"ref_121","unstructured":"Frazier, L.M. (2006). Superabsorbent Nanofiber Matrices. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Akron]."},{"key":"ref_122","unstructured":"(2024, August 25). Inc., AAT Bioquest Quest CalculateTM\u2014Preparation and Recipe. Available online: https:\/\/www.aatbio.com\/resources\/buffer-preparations-and-recipes."},{"key":"ref_123","unstructured":"(2020). 2020 Urine-Absorbing Aids for Incontinence\u2014Polyacrylate Superabsorbent Powders Part 6: Test Method for Determination of the Fluid Retention Capacity in Saline Solution by Gravimetric Measurement Following Centrifugation (Standard No. ISO 17190-6)."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2022.111447","article-title":"ROS-Degradable PEG-Based Wound Dressing Films with Drug Release and Antibacterial Properties","volume":"177","author":"Paula","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."}],"container-title":["Gels"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2310-2861\/11\/4\/282\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:12:26Z","timestamp":1760029946000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2310-2861\/11\/4\/282"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]]},"references-count":124,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["gels11040282"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/gels11040282","relation":{},"ISSN":["2310-2861"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2310-2861","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]]}}}