{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T05:43:48Z","timestamp":1778305428391,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,2]],"date-time":"2025-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754092800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gels"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Infection control and bleeding management in deep wounds remain urgent and unmet clinical challenges that demand innovative, multifunctional, and sustainable solutions. Unlike previously reported sodium alginate and silk fibroin-based gel formulations, the present work introduces a dual-functional system combining antimicrobial and haemostatic activity in the form of conformable aerogel beads. This dual-functional formulation is designed to absorb exudate, promote clotting, and provide localized antimicrobial action, all essential for accelerating wound repair in high-risk scenarios within a single biocompatible system. Aerogel beads were obtained by supercritical drying of a silk fibroin\u2013sodium alginate blend, resulting in highly porous, spherical structures measuring 3\u20134 mm in diameter. The formulations demonstrated efficient ciprofloxacin encapsulation (42.75\u201349.05%) and sustained drug release for up to 12 h. Fluid absorption reached up to four times their weight in simulated wound fluid and was accompanied by significantly enhanced blood clotting, outperforming a commercial haemostatic dressing. These findings highlight the potential of silk-based aerogel beads as a multifunctional wound healing platform that combines localized antimicrobial delivery, efficient fluid and exudate management, biodegradability, and superior haemostatic performance in a single formulation. This work also shows for the first time how the prilling encapsulation technique with supercritical drying is able to successfully produce silk fibroin and sodium alginate composite aerogel beads.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/gels11080603","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]],"date-time":"2025-08-05T08:46:55Z","timestamp":1754383615000},"page":"603","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Silk Fibroin\u2013Alginate Aerogel Beads Produced by Supercritical CO2 Drying: A Dual-Function Conformable and Haemostatic Dressing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Maria Rosaria","family":"Sellitto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5543-0054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Domenico","family":"Larobina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council of Italy, P.le E. Fermi 1, 80055 Portici, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-0777-2066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"De Soricellis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2906-6500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Amante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1237-7350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Falcone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4362-4388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paola","family":"Russo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4473-7111","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beatriz G.","family":"Bernardes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CBQF\u2014Centro de Biotecnologia e Qu\u00edmica Fina\u2014Laborat\u00f3rio Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Cat\u00f3lica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"I+D Farma Group (GI-1645), iMATUS and Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}]},{"given":"Ana Leite","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CBQF\u2014Centro de Biotecnologia e Qu\u00edmica Fina\u2014Laborat\u00f3rio Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Cat\u00f3lica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3852-4523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pasquale","family":"Del Gaudio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.2217\/rme-2020-0066","article-title":"The biological processes during wound healing","volume":"16","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Regen. 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