{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T05:18:11Z","timestamp":1773897491696,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]],"date-time":"2022-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645660800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PD\/BD\/128140\/2016 (A.S. Oliveira, EDAM - MIT Portugal PhD grant), SFRH\/BD\/145423\/2019 (A.C. Branco, FCT PhD grant), PTDC\/CTM-CTM\/29593\/2017 (CartHeal), UIDB\/00100\/2020 (CQE), UIDB\/50022\/2020 (IDMEC\/LAETA), and UIDB\/04585\/2020 (CiiEM)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PD\/BD\/128140\/2016 (A.S. Oliveira, EDAM - MIT Portugal PhD grant), SFRH\/BD\/145423\/2019 (A.C. Branco, FCT PhD grant), PTDC\/CTM-CTM\/29593\/2017 (CartHeal), UIDB\/00100\/2020 (CQE), UIDB\/50022\/2020 (IDMEC\/LAETA), and UIDB\/04585\/2020 (CiiEM)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gels"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogels have been widely studied for cartilage replacement due to their biocompatibility, chemical stability, and ability to be modified such that they approximate natural tissue behavior. Additionally, they may also be used with advantages as local drug delivery systems. However, their properties are not yet the most adequate for such applications. This work aimed to develop new PVA-based hydrogels for this purpose, displaying improved tribomechanical properties with the ability to control the release of diclofenac (DFN). Four types of PVA-based hydrogels were prepared via freeze-thawing: PVA, PVA\/PAA (by polyacrylic acid (PAA) addition), PVA\/PAA+PEG (by polyethylene glycol (PEG) immersion), and PVA\/PAA+PEG+A (by annealing). Their morphology, water uptake, mechanical and rheological properties, wettability, friction coefficient, and drug release behavior were accessed. The irritability of the best-performing material was investigated. The results showed that the PAA addition increased the swelling and drug release amount. PEG immersion led to a more compact structure and significantly improved the material\u2019s tribomechanical performance. The annealing treatment led to the material with the most suitable properties: besides presenting a low friction coefficient, it further enhanced the mechanical properties and ensured a controlled DFN release for at least 3 days. Moreover, it did not reveal irritability potential for biological tissues.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/gels8030143","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]],"date-time":"2022-02-24T21:11:07Z","timestamp":1645737067000},"page":"143","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["PVA-Based Hydrogels Loaded with Diclofenac for Cartilage Replacement"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Ana C.","family":"Branco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CQE\u2014Centro de Qu\u00edmica Estrutural, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"CiiEM\u2014Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz, Instituto Universit\u00e1rio Egas Moniz, Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"CDP2T\u2014Centro de Desenvolvimento de Produto e Transfer\u00eancia de Tecnologia, Escola Superior de Tecnologia de Set\u00fabal, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Set\u00fabal, Estefanilha, 2910-761 Set\u00fabal, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6621-8625","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreia S.","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CQE\u2014Centro de Qu\u00edmica Estrutural, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"CiiEM\u2014Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz, Instituto Universit\u00e1rio Egas Moniz, Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"IDMEC\u2014Departamento de Engenharia Mec\u00e2nica, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"In\u00eas","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CQE\u2014Centro de Qu\u00edmica Estrutural, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Nolasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CQE\u2014Centro de Qu\u00edmica Estrutural, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"CiiEM\u2014Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz, Instituto Universit\u00e1rio Egas Moniz, Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0102-7048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana C.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CQE\u2014Centro de Qu\u00edmica Estrutural, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"CiiEM\u2014Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz, Instituto Universit\u00e1rio Egas Moniz, Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9lio G.","family":"Figueiredo-Pina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CDP2T\u2014Centro de Desenvolvimento de Produto e Transfer\u00eancia de Tecnologia, Escola Superior de Tecnologia de Set\u00fabal, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Set\u00fabal, Estefanilha, 2910-761 Set\u00fabal, Portugal"},{"name":"CeFEMA\u2014Centro de F\u00edsica e Engenharia de Materiais Avan\u00e7ados, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5529-1621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rog\u00e9rio","family":"Cola\u00e7o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IDMEC\u2014Departamento de Engenharia Mec\u00e2nica, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6179-9296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana P.","family":"Serro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CQE\u2014Centro de Qu\u00edmica Estrutural, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"CiiEM\u2014Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz, Instituto Universit\u00e1rio Egas Moniz, Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"S1","article-title":"Promoting Clinical and Basic Research in Osteoarthritis","volume":"27","author":"Katz","year":"2019","journal-title":"OARSI World Congr. Osteoarthr. Promot. Clin. Basic Res. 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