{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T00:39:56Z","timestamp":1768523996885,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]],"date-time":"2022-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653955200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gels"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In an attempt to find a potential application of cell culture harvesting, a novel method for the preparation of an upper critical solution temperature (UCST) thermosensitive hydrogel was studied. An electron accelerator was used as the electron beam (EB) radiation source, and acrylamide (AAm) was first grafted onto the pre-irradiated polypropylene (PP) sheet. Then, the grafting layer of poly (acrylamide-co-acrylonitrile) (P (AAm-co-AN)) was obtained by the partial dehydration of the acylamino group into the cyano group in the solution mixture of sulfoxide chloride (SOCl2) and dimethyl formamide (DMF). The effects of the absorbed dose, AAm concentration, reaction time, and temperature on the degree of grafting were studied, respectively. The effect of the SOCl2 concentration on the conversion degree of the cyano group from the acylamino group was studied, followed by the temperature of the UCST. The UCST properties of the grafted samples with P (AAm-co-AN) were studied by quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and atomic force microscope (AFM), respectively. The cytotoxicities of the hydrogels against cells were verified by CCK-8 studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/gels8060345","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]],"date-time":"2022-06-01T03:33:18Z","timestamp":1654054398000},"page":"345","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["A Novel Method for the Preparation of Poly (Acrylamide-co-Acrylonitrile) Upper Critical Solution Temperature Thermosensitive Hydrogel by the Partial Dehydration of Acrylamide Grafted Polypropylene Sheets"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Yi","family":"Ling","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shangda Road 99, Shanghai 200444, China"}]},{"given":"Liuyuchen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shangda Road 99, Shanghai 200444, China"}]},{"given":"Mingjun","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shangda Road 99, Shanghai 200444, China"}]},{"given":"Cheng","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shangda Road 99, Shanghai 200444, China"}]},{"given":"Liming","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shangda Road 99, Shanghai 200444, China"}]},{"given":"Hejingying","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shangda Road 99, Shanghai 200444, China"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shangda Road 99, Shanghai 200444, China"}]},{"given":"Yuejiao","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shangda Road 99, Shanghai 200444, China"},{"name":"BIOtech Research Center, Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, Via Delle Regole 101, 38123 Trento, Italy"}]},{"given":"Rog\u00e9rio P.","family":"Pirraco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3B\u2019s Research Group\u2014Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark\u2014Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Rui L.","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3B\u2019s Research Group\u2014Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark\u2014Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shangda Road 99, Shanghai 200444, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1002\/marc.1990.030111109","article-title":"Thermo-responsive polymeric surfaces; control of attachment and detachment of cultured cells","volume":"11","author":"Yamada","year":"1990","journal-title":"Die Makromol. Chem. Rapid Commun."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4063","DOI":"10.1039\/C8PY00838H","article-title":"A thermo-\/pH-responsive hydrogel (PNIPAM-PDMA-PAA) with diverse nanostructures and gel behaviors as a general drug carrier for drug release","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Polym. Chem."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1021\/am900821t","article-title":"A Low-Cost, Rapid Deposition Method for \"Smart\" sheets: Applications in Mammalian Cell Release","volume":"2","author":"Reed","year":"2010","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/0142-9612(95)93257-E","article-title":"Mechanism of Cell Detachment from Temperature-Modulated, Hydrophilic-Hydrophobic Polymer Surfaces","volume":"16","author":"Okano","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1949","DOI":"10.1021\/la048546c","article-title":"Surface Characterization of the Extracellular Matrix Remaining after Cell Detachment from a Thermoresponsive Polymer","volume":"21","author":"Canavan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4262","DOI":"10.1039\/c0sm00010h","article-title":"Monitoring cell detachment on PEG-based thermoresponsive surfaces using TIRF microscopy","volume":"6","author":"Uhlig","year":"2010","journal-title":"Soft Matter"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2888","DOI":"10.1021\/la026358l","article-title":"Thermoresponsive Surface-Grafted Poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) Copolymers: Effect of Phase Transitions on Protein and Bacterial Attachment","volume":"19","author":"Cunliffe","year":"2003","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A1-Jamal, W.T., AI\u2014Ahmady, Z.S., and Kostarelos, K. (2012). Pharmacokinetics & Tissue Distribution of Temperature\u2014Sensitive Liposomal Doxorubicin in Tumor-Bearing Mice Triggered with Mid Hyperthermia. Biomaterials, 33, 4608\u20134617.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2012.03.018"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/0079-6700(92)90023-R","article-title":"Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide): Experiment, theory and application","volume":"17","author":"Schild","year":"1992","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2008.03.040","article-title":"Graft-type poly (N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylic acid) microgels exhibiting rapid thermo- and pH-responsive properties","volume":"49","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1002\/macp.201100468","article-title":"Well-defined N-Isopropylacrylamide Dual-Sensitive Copolymers with LCST \u2248 38 \u2103 in Different Architectures: Linear, Block and Star Polymers","volume":"213","author":"Schwarz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Macromol. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2010.04.059","article-title":"Microstructure and rheological properties of thermo-responsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) microgels","volume":"51","author":"Tan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4926","DOI":"10.1039\/C7TB00052A","article-title":"Upper critical solution temperature thermo-responsive polymer brushes and a mechanism for controlled cell attachment","volume":"5","author":"Xue","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/12_2010_57","article-title":"Temperature dependence of the colloidal stability of neutral amphiphilic polymers in water","volume":"242","author":"Aseyev","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1898","DOI":"10.1002\/marc.201200433","article-title":"Polymers with Upper Critical Solution Temperature in Aqueous Solution","volume":"33","author":"Seuring","year":"2012","journal-title":"Macromol. Rapid Commun."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1021\/mz400227y","article-title":"Polymers with Upper Critical Solution Temperature in Aqueous Solution: Unexpected Properties from Known Building Blocks","volume":"2","author":"Seuring","year":"2013","journal-title":"ACS Macro Lett."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1002\/pol.1964.110021203","article-title":"Thermally reversible homopolymer gel systems","volume":"2","author":"Haas","year":"1964","journal-title":"J. Polym. Sci. Part B Polym. Lett."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1002\/pol.1984.170220328","article-title":"Synthesis of some graft polymers of uracil","volume":"22","author":"Brahme","year":"1984","journal-title":"Polym. Chem. Ed."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3123","DOI":"10.1039\/c3py00222e","article-title":"Atom transfer radical polymerization as a tool for making poly(N-acryloylglycinamide) with molar mass independent UCST-type transitions in water and electrolytes","volume":"4","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Polym. Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3910","DOI":"10.1021\/ma300355k","article-title":"First Example of a Universial and Cost-Effective Approach: Polymers with Tunable Upper Critical Solution Temperature in Watter and Electrolyte Solution","volume":"45","author":"Seuring","year":"2012","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1039\/C6SM02262F","article-title":"Phase transition and aggregation behaviour of an UCST-type copolymer poly(acrylamide-co-acrylonitrile) in water: Effect of acrylonitrile content, concentration in solution, copolymer chain length and presence of electrolyte","volume":"13","author":"Asadujjaman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Soft Matter"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11433","DOI":"10.1021\/la5026334","article-title":"Diverse thermoresponsive behaviors of uncharged UCST block copolymer micelles in physiological medium","volume":"30","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6980","DOI":"10.1039\/C6PY01517D","article-title":"Thermoreversible Physically Crosslinked Hydrogels from UCST-Type Thermosensitive ABA Linear Triblock Copolymers","volume":"7","author":"Fu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Polym. Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2837","DOI":"10.1039\/C9CC09479B","article-title":"Building a smart surface with converse temperature-dependent wettability based on poly(acrylamide-co-acrylonitrile)","volume":"56","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/S0969-806X(00)00274-7","article-title":"Preparation of interpenetrating polymer networks by two times grafting of monomers onto preirradiated polypropylene sheet","volume":"59","author":"Chen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Radiat. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/S0969-806X(98)00140-6","article-title":"Grafting polymerization of acrylic Acid onto preirradiated polypropylene fabric","volume":"52","author":"Chen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Radiat. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JRNC.0000028230.35919.a4","article-title":"Preparation of pH sensitive hydrogel by two times grafting of acrylamide and acrylic acid onto preirradiated polyethylene film","volume":"260","author":"Hui","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Radio Anal. Nucl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1002\/chin.201112243","article-title":"Recent Progress in the Use of Vilsmeier-Type Reagents","volume":"42","author":"Su","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cheminform"}],"container-title":["Gels"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2310-2861\/8\/6\/345\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:22:58Z","timestamp":1760138578000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2310-2861\/8\/6\/345"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}},"alternative-id":["gels8060345"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/gels8060345","relation":{},"ISSN":["2310-2861"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2310-2861","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]]}}}