{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T07:18:07Z","timestamp":1768634287364,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,20]],"date-time":"2022-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666224000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Spanish State Research Agency (AEI)"},{"name":"VI National R&amp;D&amp;I Plan 2008\u20132011, Iniciativa Ingenio 2010, Consolider Program"},{"name":"VI National R&amp;D&amp;I Plan 2008\u20132011"},{"name":"Iniciativa Ingenio 2010"},{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gels"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) osteogenic commitment before injection enhances bone regeneration therapy results. Piezoelectric stimulation may be an effective cue to promote MSCs pre-differentiation, and poly(vinylidene) fluoride (PVDF) cell culture supports, when combined with CoFe2O4 (CFO), offer a wireless in vitro stimulation strategy. Under an external magnetic field, CFO shift and magnetostriction deform the polymer matrix varying the polymer surface charge due to the piezoelectric effect. To test the effect of piezoelectric stimulation on MSCs, our approach is based on a gelatin hydrogel with embedded MSCs and PVDF-CFO electroactive microspheres. Microspheres were produced by electrospray technique, favouring CFO incorporation, crystallisation in \u03b2-phase (85%) and a crystallinity degree of around 55%. The absence of cytotoxicity of the 3D construct was confirmed 24 h after cell encapsulation. Cells were viable, evenly distributed in the hydrogel matrix and surrounded by microspheres, allowing local stimulation. Hydrogels were stimulated using a magnetic bioreactor, and no significant changes were observed in MSCs proliferation in the short or long term. Nevertheless, piezoelectric stimulation upregulated RUNX2 expression after 7 days, indicating the activation of the osteogenic differentiation pathway. These results open the door for optimising a stimulation protocol allowing the application of the magnetically activated 3D electroactive cell culture support for MSCs pre-differentiation before transplantation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/gels8100680","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,20]],"date-time":"2022-10-20T20:35:55Z","timestamp":1666298155000},"page":"680","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Magnetically Activated Piezoelectric 3D Platform Based on Poly(Vinylidene) Fluoride Microspheres for Osteogenic Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1850-9094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Guillot-Ferriols","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering (CBIT), Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, 46022 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Networking Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Carlos III Health Institute (CIBER-BBN, ISCIII), 46022 Valencia, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0811-2632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Inmaculada","family":"Garc\u00eda-Briega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering (CBIT), Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, 46022 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Networking Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Carlos III Health Institute (CIBER-BBN, ISCIII), 46022 Valencia, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1740-0874","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laia","family":"Tolosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research Networking Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Carlos III Health Institute (CIBER-BBN, ISCIII), 46022 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"Experimental Hepatology Unit, Health Research Institute La Fe (IIS La Fe), 46026 Valencia, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9266-3669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos M.","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physics Centre of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP), University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory of Physics for Materials and Emergent Technologies, LapMET, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability (IB-S), University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6791-7620","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Senentxu","family":"Lanceros-M\u00e9ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physics Centre of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP), University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory of Physics for Materials and Emergent Technologies, LapMET, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"BCMaterials, Basque Centre for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV\/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain"},{"name":"IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Luis","family":"G\u00f3mez Ribelles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering (CBIT), Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, 46022 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Networking Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Carlos III Health Institute (CIBER-BBN, ISCIII), 46022 Valencia, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2428-0903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gloria","family":"Gallego Ferrer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering (CBIT), Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, 46022 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Networking Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Carlos III Health Institute (CIBER-BBN, ISCIII), 46022 Valencia, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1080\/14653240600855905","article-title":"Minimal Criteria for Defining Multipotent Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. 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