{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T12:29:50Z","timestamp":1773318590676,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,6]],"date-time":"2023-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/04378\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04378\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04378\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04378\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LA\/P\/0140\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0140\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020.06766.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.06766.BD"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gels"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hydrogels based on stimuli-responsive polymers can change their characteristics in response to small variations in environmental conditions, such as temperature, pH, and ionic strength, among others. In the case of some routes of administration, such as ophthalmic and parenteral, the formulations must meet specific requirements, namely sterility. Therefore, it is essential to study the effect of the sterilization method on the integrity of smart gel systems. Thus, this work aimed to study the effect of steam sterilization (121 \u00b0C, 15 min) on the properties of hydrogels based on the following stimuli-responsive polymers: Carbopol\u00ae 940, Pluronic\u00ae F-127, and sodium alginate. The properties of the prepared hydrogels\u2014pH, texture, rheological behavior, and sol-gel phase transition\u2014were evaluated to compare and identify the differences between sterilized and non-sterilized hydrogels. The influence of steam sterilization on physicochemical stability was also investigated by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. The results of this study showed that the Carbopol\u00ae 940 hydrogel was the one that suffered fewer changes in the studied properties after sterilization. By contrast, sterilization was found to cause slight changes in the Pluronic\u00ae F-127 hydrogel regarding gelation temperature\/time, as well as a considerable decrease in the viscosity of the sodium alginate hydrogel. There were no considerable differences in the chemical and physical characteristics of the hydrogels after steam sterilization. It is possible to conclude that steam sterilization is suitable for Carbopol\u00ae 940 hydrogels. Contrarily, this technique does not seem adequate for the sterilization of alginate or Pluronic\u00ae F-127 hydrogels, as it could considerably alter their properties.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/gels9050385","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,8]],"date-time":"2023-05-08T02:29:22Z","timestamp":1683512962000},"page":"385","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Effects of Steam Sterilization on the Properties of Stimuli-Responsive Polymer-Based Hydrogels"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"In\u00eas","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, MEDTECH-Medicines and Healthcare Products, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory Institute for Health and Bioeconomy\u2014i4HB, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1247-6738","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Camila","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, MEDTECH-Medicines and Healthcare Products, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory Institute for Health and Bioeconomy\u2014i4HB, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1152-3398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo Cardoso","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, MEDTECH-Medicines and Healthcare Products, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory Institute for Health and Bioeconomy\u2014i4HB, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3209-3366","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Helena","family":"Amaral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, MEDTECH-Medicines and Healthcare Products, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory Institute for Health and Bioeconomy\u2014i4HB, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"02c411","DOI":"10.1116\/1.4983502","article-title":"Sterilization, hydration-dehydration and tube fabrication of zwitterionic hydrogels","volume":"12","author":"Han","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biointerphases"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chai, Q., Jiao, Y., and Yu, X. (2017). Hydrogels for Biomedical Applications: Their Characteristics and the Mechanisms behind Them. Gels, 3.","DOI":"10.3390\/gels3010006"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2008.08.002","article-title":"Hydrogel nanoparticles in drug delivery","volume":"60","author":"Hamidi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. 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