{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T14:42:48Z","timestamp":1776955368516,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,13]],"date-time":"2023-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699833600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia\u2014FCT","award":["SFRH\/BD\/132239\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/132239\/2017"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia\u2014FCT","award":["2023.05316.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023.05316.BD"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gels"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this work, aerogel renders were enhanced with fibres for use in new building walls, emphasising a Mediterranean climate. The main novelty of the study relies on an integrated evaluation of the aerogel-based fibre-enhanced thermal renders from environmental, energy and economic approaches. Therefore, optimum insulation thicknesses, life cycle savings, payback periods, abiotic depletion potential from fossil fuels (ADP-ff) and global warming potential (GWP) impacts were quantified as a function of the energy consumption. The cost optimisation of aerogel-based renders enabled a reduction from 2477.4 to 1021.7 EUR\u2219m\u22123 for the reference formulation, and the sisal-optimised render led to the best-integrated performance. A higher DD* (degree-days equivalent) led to higher optimum thicknesses (the Azores required 0.02 m and 0.01 m and Bragan\u00e7a 0.06 m and 0.03 m for cost-optimised and non-optimised thermal renders with sisal fibre, respectively). The optimum thickness related to the ADP-ff and GWP impacts was higher, 0.04 m for the Azores and 0.09 m for Bragan\u00e7a. A steeper decrease in the annual energy consumption occurred for thermal renders up to 0.02 m in the Azores and 0.04 m in Bragan\u00e7a. Aerogel-based fibre-enhanced thermal renders had benefits, mainly from 600 DD* onwards.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/gels9110898","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,13]],"date-time":"2023-11-13T02:46:47Z","timestamp":1699843607000},"page":"898","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Integrated Performance Evaluation of Aerogel-Based Fibre-Enhanced Thermal Renders Applied on Building Walls"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8119-6847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Pedroso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Civil Engineering Research and Innovation for Sustainability (CERIS), Departamento de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Ambiente (DECivil), Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico (IST), Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3330-2000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Dinis","family":"Silvestre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Civil Engineering Research and Innovation for Sustainability (CERIS), Departamento de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Ambiente (DECivil), Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico (IST), Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1499-1370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria da Gl\u00f3ria","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Civil Engineering Research and Innovation for Sustainability (CERIS), Departamento de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Ambiente (DECivil), Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico (IST), Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Hawreen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Civil Engineering Research and Innovation for Sustainability (CERIS), Departamento de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Ambiente (DECivil), Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico (IST), Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Highway and Bridge Engineering, Technical Engineering College, Erbil Polytechnic University, Erbil 44001, Iraq"},{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Nawroz University, Duhok 42001, Iraq"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9287-6170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00e9ssica D.","family":"Bersch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Civil Engineering Research and Innovation for Sustainability (CERIS), Departamento de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Ambiente (DECivil), Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico (IST), Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"N\u00facleo Orientado para a Inova\u00e7\u00e3o da Edifica\u00e7\u00e3o (NORIE), Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Engenharia Civil: Constru\u00e7\u00e3o e Infraestrutura (PPGCI), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Osvaldo Aranha, 99, Porto Alegre 90035-190, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4038-6748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In\u00eas","family":"Flores-Colen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Civil Engineering Research and Innovation for Sustainability (CERIS), Departamento de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Ambiente (DECivil), Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico (IST), Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"European Commission (2020). Long-Term Low Greenhouse Gas Emission Development Strategy of the European Union and Its Member States."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"European Parliament (2020). P9_TA(2020)0005 The European Green Deal\u2014European Parliament Resolution of 15 January 2020 on the European Green Deal (2019\/2956(RSP))."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"European Commission (2019, July 15). Energy Performance of EU Buildings, Available online: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/energy\/en\/topics\/en-617ergy-efficiency\/energy-performance-of-buildings."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Buildings Performance Institute Europe (2011). Europe\u2019s Buildings under the Microscope\u2014A Country-by-Country Review of the Energy Performance of Buildings, BPIE."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2010.12.012","article-title":"Aerogel Insulation for Building Applications: A State-of-the-Art Review","volume":"43","author":"Baetens","year":"2011","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2009.03.010","article-title":"A Study on Optimum Insulation Thicknesses of External Walls in Hot Summer and Cold Winter Zone of China","volume":"86","author":"Yu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1617\/s11527-019-1411-4","article-title":"Assessment of Test Methods for the Durability of Thermal Mortars Exposure to Freezing","volume":"52","author":"Maia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Struct. Mater. Constr."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"EURIMA (2007). U-Values for Better Energy Performance of Buildings\u2014Report Established by ECOFYS for EURIMA, EURIMA."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.109793","article-title":"Physical, Mechanical, and Microstructural Characterisation of an Innovative Thermal Insulating Render Incorporating Silica Aerogel","volume":"211","author":"Pedroso","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.culher.2019.09.007","article-title":"Aerogel Materials for Heritage Buildings: Materials, Properties and Case Studies","volume":"42","author":"Ganobjak","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cult. Herit."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma, A., and Kar, S. (2015). Energy Sustainability Through Green Energy, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-81-322-2337-5"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2011.09.041","article-title":"Thermo-Hygric Properties of a Newly Developed Aerogel Based Insulation Rendering for Both Exterior and Interior Applications","volume":"44","author":"Stahl","year":"2012","journal-title":"Energy Build"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pedroso, M., Flores-Colen, I., Silvestre, J.D., and da Gl\u00f3ria Gomes, M. (2020). Nanomaterials\u2019 Influence on the Performance of Thermal Insulating Mortars-A Statistical Analysis. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10072219"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1007\/s10971-012-2792-9","article-title":"Aerogel-Based Thermal Superinsulation: An Overview","volume":"63","author":"Koebel","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Solgel. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Hipin (2019, December 29). Hipin Project\u2014High Performance Insulation Based on Nanostructure Encapsulation of Air. Available online: http:\/\/www.hipin.eu\/."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Nanorender (2019, December 05). Nanorender: Performance of Nanoaerogel Silica-Based Renders. (In Portuguese)."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Saint-Gobain Weber (2019, December 26). PEP\u2014Efficient Plus Wall. (In Portuguese)."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aegerter, M., Leventis, N., and Koebel, M.M. (2011). Aerogels Handbook, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-7589-8"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnoncrysol.2004.08.238","article-title":"Effective Thermal Conductivity of Divided Silica Xerogel Beds","volume":"350","author":"Bisson","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Non. Cryst. Solids"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2023.132257","article-title":"Controllable Preparation of Aerogel\/Expanded Perlite Composite and Its Application in Thermal Insulation Mortar","volume":"394","author":"Jia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Constr. Build Mater"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtcomm.2023.105540","article-title":"Acoustical and Mechanical Characteristics of Mortars with Pineapple Leaf Fiber and Silica Aerogel Infills\u2014Measurement and Modeling","volume":"35","author":"Kueh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. Today Commun."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.05.197","article-title":"EN 998-1 Performance Requirements for Thermal Aerogel-Based Renders","volume":"179","author":"Soares","year":"2018","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2016.06.013","article-title":"Silica-Based Aerogels as Aggregates for Cement-Based Thermal Renders","volume":"72","author":"Ilharco","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Ball, R.J., Dams, B., Ferrandiz-Mas, V., Ke, X., Paine, K., Tyrer, M., and Walker, P. (2019). Proceedings of the 39th Cement and Concrete Science Conference, University of Bath."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.117175","article-title":"The Influence of Dimension and Content of Natural Organic Fibrous Materials on the Multi-Performance of Cement-Based Composites: A Statistical Approach","volume":"231","author":"Pedroso","year":"2020","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105045","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2023.105045","article-title":"Synergistic Effect of Fibres on the Physical, Mechanical, and Microstructural Properties of Aerogel-Based Thermal Insulating Renders","volume":"139","author":"Pedroso","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2020.101265","article-title":"Characterisation of a Multilayer External Wall Thermal Insulation System. Application in a Mediterranean Climate","volume":"30","author":"Pedroso","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barreira, E., and de Freitas, V.P. (2016). External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS), Springer International Publishing. SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-20382-9"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pedroso, M., da Gomes, M.G., Silvestre, J.D., Hawreen, A., and Flores-Colen, I. (2023). Thermophysical Parameters and Hygrothermal Simulation of Aerogel-Based Fibre-Enhanced Thermal Insulating Renders Applied on Exterior Walls. Energies, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/en16073048"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2023.107322","article-title":"Environmental Impact of Wall Multilayer Coating Systems Containing Aerogel-Based Fibre-Enhanced Thermal Renders","volume":"76","author":"Pedroso","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnoncrysol.2019.04.016","article-title":"Economic Assessment of the Production of Subcritically Dried Silica-Based Aerogels","volume":"516","author":"Garrido","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Non. Cryst. Solids"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silvestre, J.D., Castelo, A.M.P., Silva, J.J.B.C., De Brito, J.M.C.L., and Pinheiro, M.D. (2019). Energy Retrofitting of a Buildings\u2019 Envelope: Assessment of the Environmental, Economic and Energy (3E) Performance of a Cork-Based Thermal Insulating Rendering Mortar. Energies, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/en13010143"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2013.05.001","article-title":"From the New European Standards to an Environmental, Energy and Economic Assessment of Building Assemblies from Cradle-to-Cradle (3E-C2C)","volume":"64","author":"Silvestre","year":"2013","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.08.006","article-title":"A Review of the Economical and Optimum Thermal Insulation Thickness for Building Applications","volume":"16","author":"Kaynakli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2006.10.054","article-title":"The Environmental Impact of Optimum Insulation Thickness for External Walls of Buildings","volume":"42","author":"Dombayci","year":"2007","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2010.02.011","article-title":"Cost Benefits Analysis and Emission Reductions of Optimum Thickness and Air Gaps for Selected Insulation Materials for Building Walls in Maldives","volume":"35","author":"Mahlia","year":"2010","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-2619(99)00023-9","article-title":"Optimizing Insulation Thickness for Buildings Using Life Cycle Cost","volume":"63","author":"Hasan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-4311(02)00209-0","article-title":"Optimum Insulation Thickness of External Walls for Energy Saving","volume":"23","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2007.04.037","article-title":"Determination of Optimum Insulation Thicknesses of the External Walls and Roof (Ceiling) for Turkey\u2019s Different Degree-Day Regions","volume":"35","author":"Sisman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2012.03.002","article-title":"Cost Analysis for Optimum Thicknesses and Environmental Impacts of Different Insulation Materials","volume":"49","author":"Ozel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2012.10.002","article-title":"Determination of Optimum Insulation Thickness Based on Cooling Transmission Load for Building Walls in a Hot Climate","volume":"66","author":"Ozel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2013.08.013","article-title":"Thermal, Economical and Environmental Analysis of Insulated Building Walls in a Cold Climate","volume":"76","author":"Ozel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.05.015","article-title":"Ecological Impact & Financial Feasibility of Energy Recovery (EIFFER) Model for Natural Insulation Material Optimization","volume":"148","author":"Sagbansua","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2003.10.020","article-title":"Environmental Impact of Thermal Insulation Thickness in Buildings","volume":"24","year":"2004","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1002\/ep.10448","article-title":"Determination of Environmental Impact and Optimum Thickness of Insulation for Building Walls","volume":"30","author":"Ucar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Prog. Sustain. Energy"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2005.10.006","article-title":"Optimization of Insulation Thickness for External Walls Using Different Energy-Sources","volume":"83","author":"Dombayci","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2008.09.015","article-title":"Effect of Fuel Type on the Optimum Thickness of Selected Insulation Materials for the Four Different Climatic Regions of Turkey","volume":"86","author":"Ucar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2005.10.019","article-title":"Determination of Optimum Insulation Thickness for Building Walls with Respect to Various Fuels and Climate Zones in Turkey","volume":"26","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2014.03.017","article-title":"Toward Aerogel Based Thermal Superinsulation in Buildings: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"34","author":"Cuce","year":"2014","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2014.03.034","article-title":"Optimizing Insulation Thickness and Analysing Environmental Impacts of Aerogel-Based Thermal Superinsulation in Buildings","volume":"77","author":"Cuce","year":"2014","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101840","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2019.101840","article-title":"Optimum Insulation Thicknesses and Energy Conservation of Building Thermal Insulation Materials in Chinese Zone of Humid Subtropical Climate","volume":"52","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2015.08.090","article-title":"Building Envelope with a New Aerogel-Based Insulating Rendering: Experimental and Numerical Study, Cost Analysis, and Thickness Optimization","volume":"159","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2017.02.194","article-title":"Economic and Energy Life Cycle Assessment of Aerogel-Based Thermal Renders","volume":"151","author":"Garrido","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1111\/jiec.12720","article-title":"Life Cycle Assessment of Aerogel Manufacture on Small and Large Scales: Weighing the Use of Advanced Materials in Oil Spill Remediation","volume":"22","author":"Karatum","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Ind. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.119696","article-title":"Environmental Impact of the Subcritical Production of Silica Aerogels","volume":"252","author":"Pinto","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boccia, A.C., Pulvirenti, A., Garc\u00eda-Gonz\u00e1lez, C.A., Grisi, F., and Neagu, M. (2023). Compendium of Safety Regulatory for Safe Applications of Aerogels. Gels, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/gels9110842"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1111\/jiec.12916","article-title":"Using Anticipatory Life Cycle Assessment to Enable Future Sustainable Construction","volume":"24","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ind. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2018.02.016","article-title":"Requirements for Applying LCA-Based Environmental Impact Assessment Tools in the Early Stages of Building Design","volume":"133","author":"Meex","year":"2018","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2007.02.014","article-title":"Optimum Insulation Thicknesses for Building Walls with Respect to Cooling and Heating Degree-Hours in the Warmest Zone of Turkey","volume":"43","year":"2008","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Assembleia da Rep\u00fablica (2015). Statute n.o 379-A\/2015 of October 22\u2014Requirements for the Energy Performance of Housing Buildings (REH)\u2014Requirements, (In Portuguese)."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Ibrahim, M. (2014). Improving the Buildings Envelopes Energy Performance Using Aerogel-Based Insulating Mineral Rendering. [Ph.D. Thesis, \u00c9cole Nationale Sup\u00e9rieure des Mines de Paris]."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2013.05.040","article-title":"Energy Retrofit of a Single-Family House: Life Cycle Net Energy Saving and Environmental Benefits","volume":"27","author":"Beccali","year":"2013","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2019.109680","article-title":"Assessing the Thermal Performance of Living Wall Systems in Wet and Cold Climates during the Winter","volume":"208","author":"Nan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"Eurostat (2020, July 03). Cooling and Heating Degree Days by Country\u2014Annual Data, Available online: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/eurostat\/web\/products-datasets\/-\/nrg_chdd_a."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2011.06.023","article-title":"Economic and Environmental Benefits of Thermal Insulation of Building External Walls","volume":"46","author":"Dylewski","year":"2011","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2006.02.012","article-title":"Thermoeconomic Optimization of Insulation Thickness Considering Condensed Vapor in Buildings","volume":"38","author":"Arslan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.09.079","article-title":"Hygrothermal Characteristics of Aerogel-Enhanced Insulating Materials under Different Humidity and Temperature Conditions","volume":"158","author":"Nosrati","year":"2018","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2023.110905","article-title":"Moisture Absorption of an Aerogel-Based Coating System under Different Wetting Scenarios","volume":"245","author":"Johansson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1080\/01430750.2002.9674880","article-title":"Optimum Insulation Thickness for Building Walls in a Hot-Dry Climate","volume":"23","author":"Zedan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Ambient. Energy"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.3390\/en4060913","article-title":"Parametric Investigation of Optimum Thermal Insulation Thickness for External Walls","volume":"4","author":"Kaynakli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ganobjak, M., Brunner, S., Hofmann, J., Klar, V., Ledermann, M., Herzog, V., K\u00e4mpfen, B., Kilian, R., Wehdorn, M., and Wernery, J. (2023). Current Trends in Aerogel Use in Heritage Buildings: Case Studies from the Aerogel Architecture Award 2021. Gels, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/gels9100814"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180214","DOI":"10.1038\/sdata.2018.214","article-title":"Present and Future K\u00f6ppen-Geiger Climate Classification Maps at 1-Km Resolution","volume":"5","author":"Beck","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-11-1633-2007","article-title":"Updated World Map of the K\u00f6ppen-Geiger Climate Classification","volume":"11","author":"Peel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"Assembleia da Republica (2013). Dispatch 15793-F\/2013\u2014Establishing the Parameters for the Climatic Zoning of Portugal, (In Portuguese)."},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"BizEE (2020, July 23). Degree Days: Weather Data for Energy Saving. Available online: https:\/\/www.degreedays.net\/."},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"IPMA Portuguese Institute for Sea and Atmosphere (2020, June 25). Climate Normals. Available online: https:\/\/www.ipma.pt\/en\/oclima\/normais.clima\/."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107741","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2020.107741","article-title":"Discontinuous Micro-Fibers as Intrinsic Reinforcement for Ductile Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECC)","volume":"184","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Compos. B Eng."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pe\u00e7as, P., Carvalho, H., Salman, H., and Leite, M. (2018). Natural Fibre Composites and Their Applications: A Review. J. Compos. Sci., 2.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcs2040066"},{"key":"ref_79","unstructured":"(2020, June 20). INE Statistical Data of Portugal. Available online: https:\/\/www.ine.pt\/xportal\/xmain?xpgid=ine_main&xpid=INE&xlang=en."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.03.162","article-title":"Thermal Conductivity Measurement of Thermal Insulating Mortars with EPS and Silica Aerogel by Steady-State and Transient Methods","volume":"172","author":"Gomes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_81","unstructured":"Enersens (2020, January 07). Product Data Sheet: Aerogel Kwark. Available online: http:\/\/enersens.fr\/en\/home\/."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4831","DOI":"10.1002\/ange.201700836","article-title":"Fast and Minimal-Solvent Production of Superinsulating Silica Aerogel Granulate","volume":"129","author":"Huber","year":"2017","journal-title":"Angew. Chem."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/s10971-018-4879-4","article-title":"Three Routes to Superinsulating Silica Aerogel Powder","volume":"90","author":"Stojanovic","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Solgel. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2011.05.015","article-title":"Traditional, State-of-the-Art and Future Thermal Building Insulation Materials and Solutions\u2014Properties, Requirements and Possibilities","volume":"43","author":"Jelle","year":"2011","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2010.07.030","article-title":"A Study on Optimum Insulation Thickness in Walls and Energy Savings in Tunisian Buildings Based on Analytical Calculation of Cooling and Heating Transmission Loads","volume":"88","author":"Daouas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2016.03.004","article-title":"Determination of Optimum Insulation Thickness for Building Walls by Using Heating and Cooling Degree-Day Values of All Turkey\u2019s Provincial Centers","volume":"118","author":"Kurekci","year":"2016","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1007\/s11367-016-1087-8","article-title":"The Ecoinvent Database Version 3 (Part I): Overview and Methodology","volume":"21","author":"Wernet","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Life Cycle Assess."},{"key":"ref_88","unstructured":"Dos Santos, C.P., and Matias, L. (2006). ITE50\u2014Thermal Transmittance of Building Envelope Elements, LNEC. [1st ed.]. (In Portuguese)."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.11.151","article-title":"Physical Performance of Industrial and EPS and Cork Experimental Thermal Insulation Renders","volume":"198","author":"Gomes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_90","unstructured":"de Freitas, V.P. (2012). Support Manual for the Rehabilitation Project of Old Buildings, Ordem dos Engenheiros da Regi\u00e3o Norte. [1st ed.]. (In Portuguese)."},{"key":"ref_91","unstructured":"PORDATA (2019, September 05). Accomodations and Their Characteristics. (In Portuguese)."},{"key":"ref_92","unstructured":"Assembleia da Rep\u00fablica (2006). Decree-Law No. 80\/2006 Regulation of the Thermal Behaviour of Buildings, (In Portuguese)."},{"key":"ref_93","unstructured":"Assembleia da Republica (2016). Ordinance 17-A\/2016."},{"key":"ref_94","unstructured":"(2014). Thermal Insulation\u2014Building Elements\u2014In-Situ Measurement of Thermal Resistance and Thermal Transmittance\u2014Part 1: Heat Flow Meter Method (Standard No. ISO 9869-1: 2014)."},{"key":"ref_95","unstructured":"White, J.A., Case, K.E., and Pratt, D.B. (2012). Principles of Engineering Economic Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. [6th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aky\u00fcz, M.K., Altunta\u015f, \u00d6., and S\u00f6\u011f\u00fct, M.Z. (2017). Economic and Environmental Optimization of an Airport Terminal Building\u2019s Wall and Roof Insulation. Sustainability, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/su9101849"}],"container-title":["Gels"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2310-2861\/9\/11\/898\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:22:07Z","timestamp":1760131327000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2310-2861\/9\/11\/898"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,13]]},"references-count":96,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"alternative-id":["gels9110898"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/gels9110898","relation":{},"ISSN":["2310-2861"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2310-2861","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,13]]}}}